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ÚóÑóÖó åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøõÔúÏó Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃóåúÏóì åóÐöåö ÇáäøóÕöíÍóÉó
Åöáóíúåö áóãú íóÞúÈóáúåóÇ ãöäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÎóÐóåóÇ Úóäúåõ Èóáú
ÊóåóÏøóÏóåõ æóÊóæóÚøóÏóåõ {ÞóÇáó ÃóÑóÇÛöÈñ ÃóäúÊó Úóäú ÂáöåóÊöí íóÇ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áóÆöäú áóãú ÊóäúÊóåö áóÃóÑúÌõãóäøóßó} [ãÑíã: 46] .
Þöíáó: ÈöÇáúãóÞóÇáö. æóÞöíáó: ÈöÇáúÝóÚóÇáö {æóÇåúÌõÑúäöí ãóáöíøðÇ}
[ãÑíã: 46] Ãóíú æóÇÞúØóÚúäöí æóÃóØöáú åöÌúÑóÇäöí ÝóÚöäúÏóåóÇ ÞóÇáó
áóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ: {ÓóáóÇãñ Úóáóíúßó} [ãÑíã: 47] Ãóíú áóÇ íóÕöáõßó
ãöäøöí ãóßúÑõæåñ¡ æóáóÇ íóäóÇáõßó ãöäøöí ÃóÐðì¡ Èóáú ÃóäúÊó ÓóÇáöãñ
ãöäú äóÇÍöíóÊöí¡ æóÒóÇÏóåõ ÎóíúÑðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó: {ÓóÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóßó
ÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó Èöí ÍóÝöíøðÇ} [ãÑíã: 47] . ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò
æóÛóíúÑõåõ: Ãóíú áóØöíÝðÇ. íóÚúäöí Ýöí Ãóäú åóÏóÇäöí áöÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö
æóÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö áóåõº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {æóÃóÚúÊóÒöáõßõãú æóãóÇ
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ÈöÏõÚóÇÁö ÑóÈøöí ÔóÞöíøðÇ} [ãÑíã: 48] . æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÛúÝóÑó áóåõ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ ßóãóÇ æóÚóÏóåõ Ýöí ÃóÏúÚöíóÊöåö¡
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóÈóíøóäó áóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÏõæøñ áöáøóåö ÊóÈóÑøóÃó ãöäúåõ¡
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
áöÃóÈöíåö ÅöáøóÇ Úóäú ãóæúÚöÏóÉò æóÚóÏóåóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ ÝóáóãøóÇ
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ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóÃóæøóÇåñ Íóáöíãñ} [ÇáÊæÈÉ: 114] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡
ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÎöí ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÃóÈöí ÐöÆúÈò¡ Úóäú
ÓóÚöíÏò ÇáúãóÞúÈõÑöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö
Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «íóáúÞóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ
ÃóÈóÇåõ ÂÒóÑó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóÚóáóì æóÌúåö ÂÒóÑó ÞóÊóÑóÉñ
æóÛóÈóÑóÉñ. ÝóíóÞõæáõ áóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ: Ãóáóãú ÃóÞõáú áóßó áóÇ
ÊóÚúÕöäöí. ÝóíóÞõæáõ áóåõ ÃóÈõæåõ: ÝóÇáúíóæúãó
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áóÇ ÃóÚúÕöíßó. ÝóíóÞõæáõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ:
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æóÃóíøõ ÎöÒúíò ÃóÎúÒóì ãöäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúÃóÈúÚóÏö. ÝóíóÞõæáõ Çááøóåõ:
Åöäøöí ÍóÑøóãúÊõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉó Úóáóì ÇáúßóÇÝöÑöíäó¡ Ëõãøó íõÞóÇáõ: íóÇ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ãóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÑöÌúáóíúßó¡ ÝóíóäúÙõÑõ ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÈöÐöíÎò
ãõÊóáóØøöÎò ÝóíõÄúÎóÐõ ÈöÞóæóÇÆöãöåö ÝóíõáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö» .
åóßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãõäúÝóÑöÏðÇ.
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö. æóÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èúäõ ØóåúãóÇäó¡ Úóäö
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Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó. æóåóßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ
ÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ÍóÝúÕö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ Úóäú
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ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÓöíÑöíäó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö
Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöäóÍúæöåö. æóÝöí ÓöíóÇÞöåö
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Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöäóÍúæöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÅöÐú
ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöÃóÈöíåö ÂÒóÑó ÃóÊóÊøóÎöÐõ ÃóÕúäóÇãðÇ ÂáöåóÉð
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ÇÓúãõåõ ÂÒóÑõ.
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ÈóÇÒöÛðÇ ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÑóÈøöí ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÝóáó ÞóÇáó áóÆöäú áóãú
íóåúÏöäöí ÑóÈøöí áóÃóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö ÇáÖøóÇáøöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ
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æóáóãú íóáúÈöÓõæÇ ÅöíãóÇäóåõãú ÈöÙõáúãò ÃõæáóÆößó áóåõãõ ÇáúÃóãúäõ
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Úóáöíãñ} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 75]
[ÇáúÃóäúÚóÇãö: 75 - 83] . æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãõ ãóÞóÇãõ ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉò
áöÞóæúãöåö¡ æóÈóíóÇäñ áóåõãú Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÌúÑóÇãó
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¡ Èóáú åõæó ÇáÏøóÇÆöãõ ÇáúÈóÇÞöí ÈöáóÇ
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ÇáøóÊöí åöíó ÃóÔóÏøõ ÇáúÃóÌúÑóÇãö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö ÖöíóÇÁð æóÓóäóÇÁð
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Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó ÑóÈøöí ÔóíúÆðÇ} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 78 - 80] . Ãóíú áóÓúÊõ
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ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóæúËóÇäðÇ ãóæóÏøóÉó Èóíúäößõãú Ýöí ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö
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ãöäú äóÇÕöÑöíäó} [ÇáÚäßÈæÊ: 25] .
(1/331)
æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö:
{æóáóÞóÏú ÂÊóíúäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÑõÔúÏóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóßõäøóÇ Èöåö
ÚóÇáöãöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö ãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóãóÇËöíáõ
ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÊõãú áóåóÇ ÚóÇßöÝõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ áóåóÇ
ÚóÇÈöÏöíäó ÞóÇáó áóÞóÏú ßõäúÊõãú ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãú Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò
ãõÈöíäò ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÌöÆúÊóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ãóãú ÃóäúÊó ãöäó
ÇááøóÇÚöÈöíäó ÞóÇáó Èóáú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö
ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóåõäøó æóÃóäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó
æóÊóÇááøóåö áóÃóßöíÏóäøó ÃóÕúäóÇãóßõãú ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊõæóáøõæÇ
ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó ÝóÌóÚóáóåõãú ÌõÐóÇÐðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ áóåõãú áóÚóáøóåõãú
Åöáóíúåö íóÑúÌöÚõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóäú ÝóÚóáó åóÐóÇ ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ Åöäøóåõ
áóãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÝóÊðì íóÐúßõÑõåõãú íõÞóÇáõ
áóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÃúÊõæÇ Èöåö Úóáóì ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáäøóÇÓö
áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÔúåóÏõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÃóäúÊó ÝóÚóáúÊó åóÐóÇ ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ
íóÇÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÞóÇáó Èóáú ÝóÚóáóåõ ßóÈöíÑõåõãú åóÐóÇ ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõãú
Åöäú ßóÇäõæÇ íóäúØöÞõæäó ÝóÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ
Åöäøóßõãú ÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó Ëõãøó äõßöÓõæÇ Úóáóì ÑõÁõæÓöåöãú
áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö íóäúØöÞõæäó ÞóÇáó ÃóÝóÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú
Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßõãú ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßõãú ÃõÝøò
áóßõãú æóáöãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó
ÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÑøöÞõæåõ æóÇäúÕõÑõæÇ ÂáöåóÊóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÝóÇÚöáöíäó
ÞõáúäóÇ íóÇäóÇÑõ ßõæäöí ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóÓóáóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Èöåö ßóíúÏðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ:
51]
[ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö: 69 - 83] .
(1/332)
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö
ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö: {æóÅöäøó ãöäú ÔöíÚóÊöåö áóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÅöÐú ÌóÇÁó
ÑóÈøóåõ ÈöÞóáúÈò Óóáöíãò ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö ãóÇÐóÇ
ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÃóÆöÝúßðÇ ÂáöåóÉð Ïõæäó Çááøóåö ÊõÑöíÏõæäó ÝóãóÇ
Ùóäøõßõãú ÈöÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÝóäóÙóÑó äóÙúÑóÉð Ýöí ÇáäøõÌõæãö
ÝóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÓóÞöíãñ ÝóÊóæóáøóæúÇ Úóäúåõ ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó ÝóÑóÇÛó Åöáóì
ÂáöåóÊöåöãú ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó ãóÇ áóßõãú áóÇ ÊóäúØöÞõæäó
ÝóÑóÇÛó Úóáóíúåöãú ÖóÑúÈðÇ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö ÝóÃóÞúÈóáõæÇ Åöáóíúåö
íóÒöÝøõæäó ÞóÇáó ÃóÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãóÇ ÊóäúÍöÊõæäó æóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞóßõãú
æóãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÈúäõæÇ áóåõ ÈõäúíóÇäðÇ ÝóÃóáúÞõæåõ Ýöí
ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ÝóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Èöåö ßóíúÏðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúÃóÓúÝóáöíäó}
[ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 83]
[ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö: 83 - 98] .
íõÎúÈöÑõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Îóáöíáöåö Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ãóäøóåõ ÃóäúßóÑó Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö ÚöÈóÇÏóÉó ÇáúÃóæúËóÇäö¡
æóÍóÞøóÑóåóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú¡ æóÕóÛøóÑóåóÇ¡ æóÊóäóÞøóÕóåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó: {ãóÇ
åóÐöåö ÇáÊøóãóÇËöíáõ ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÊõãú áóåóÇ ÚóÇßöÝõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ:
52] . Ãóíú ãõÚúÊóßöÝõæäó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ æóÎóÇÖöÚõæäó áóåóÇ {ÞóÇáõæÇ
æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ áóåóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 53] . ãóÇ ßóÇäó
ÍõÌøóÊóåõãú ÅöáøóÇ ÕóäöíÚõ ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóÌúÏóÇÏö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ
Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÏóÇÏö {ÞóÇáó áóÞóÏú ßõäúÊõãú ÃóäúÊõãú
æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãú Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 54] . ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó
ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó
ÃóÆöÝúßðÇ ÂáöåóÉð Ïõæäó Çááøóåö ÊõÑöíÏõæäó ÝóãóÇ Ùóäøõßõãú ÈöÑóÈøö
ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 85] . ÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ: ÝóãóÇ Ùóäøõßõãú Èöåö
Ãóäøóåõ ÝóÇÚöáñ Èößõãú ÅöÐóÇ áóÞöíÊõãõæåõ æóÞóÏú ÚóÈóÏúÊõãú
ÛóíúÑóåõ. æóÞóÇáó áóåõãú: {åóáú íóÓúãóÚõæäóßõãú ÅöÐú ÊóÏúÚõæäó Ãóæú
íóäúÝóÚõæäóßõãú Ãóæú íóÖõÑøõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÂÈóÇÁóäóÇ
ßóÐóáößó íóÝúÚóáõæäó} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 72] . ÓóáøóãõæÇ
(1/333)
áóåõ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊóÓúãóÚõ ÏóÇÚöíðÇ æóáóÇ
ÊóäúÝóÚõ æóáóÇ ÊóÖõÑøõ ÔóíúÆðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÇáúÍóÇãöáõ áóåõãú Úóáóì
ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåóÇ ÇáöÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁõ ÈöÃóÓúáóÇÝöåöãú¡ æóãóäú åõæó ãöËúáõåõãú
Ýöí ÇáÖøóáóÇáö ãöäó ÇáúÂÈóÇÁö ÇáúÌõåøóÇáöº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõãú:
{ÃóÝóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãóÇ ßõäúÊõãú ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãõ
ÇáúÃóÞúÏóãõæäó ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÚóÏõæøñ áöí ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÈøó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó}
[ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 75] . æóåóÐóÇ ÈõÑúåóÇäñ ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì ÈõØúáóÇäö
ÅöáóåöíøóÉö ãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóæúåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãöº áöÃóäøóåõ ÊóÈóÑøóÃó
ãöäúåóÇ æóÊóäóÞøóÕó ÈöåóÇ¡ Ýóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÊóÖõÑøõ áóÖóÑøóÊúåõ Ãóæú
ÊõÄóËøöÑõ áóÃóËøóÑóÊú Ýöíåö {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÌöÆúÊóäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö Ãóãú
ÃóäúÊó ãöäó ÇááøóÇÚöÈöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 55] . íóÞõæáõæäó: åóÐóÇ
ÇáúßóáóÇãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÞõæáõåõ áóäóÇ¡ æóÊóäúÊóÞöÕõ Èöåö ÂáöåóÊóäóÇ¡
æóÊóØúÚóäõ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö Ýöí ÂÈóÇÆöäóÇ ÊóÞõæáõåõ ãõÍöÞøðÇ ÌóÇÏøðÇ Ýöíåö
Ãóãú áóÇÚöÈðÇ ÞóÇáó: {Èóáú ÑóÈøõßõãú ÑóÈøõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö
ÇáøóÐöí ÝóØóÑóåõäøó æóÃóäóÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó}
[ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 56] . íóÚúäöí: Èóáú ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú Ðóáößó ÌóÇÏøðÇ
ãõÍöÞøðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ Åöáóåõßõãõ Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ
åõæó ÑóÈøõßõãú¡ æóÑóÈøõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÝóÇØöÑõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö
æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúÎóÇáöÞõ áóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÛóíúÑö ãöËóÇáò ÓóÈóÞó¡ Ýóåõæó
ÇáúãõÓúÊóÍöÞøõ áöáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ æóÃóäóÇ
Úóáóì Ðóáößõãú ãöäó ÇáÔøóÇåöÏöíäó. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóÊóÇááøóåö
áóÃóßöíÏóäøó ÃóÕúäóÇãóßõãú ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊõæóáøõæÇ ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó}
[ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 57] . ÃóÞúÓóãó áóíóßöíÏóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó ÇáøóÊöí
íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊóæóáøóæúÇ ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó Åöáóì ÚöíÏöåöãú.
Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ ÎõÝúíóÉð Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ
ãóÓúÚõæÏò: ÓóãöÚóåõ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú. æóßóÇäó áóåõãú ÚöíÏñ íóÐúåóÈõæäó
Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ßõáøö ÚóÇãò ãóÑøóÉð Åöáóì ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúÈóáóÏö ÝóÏóÚóÇåõ
ÃóÈõæåõ áöíóÍúÖõÑóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: {Åöäøöí ÓóÞöíãñ} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 89] ßóãóÇ
ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóäóÙóÑó äóÙúÑóÉð Ýöí ÇáäøõÌõæãö ÝóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí
ÓóÞöíãñ} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 88] . ÚóÑøóÖó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÍóÊøóì
ÊóæóÕøóáó Åöáóì ãóÞúÕõæÏöåö ãöäú ÅöåóÇäóÉö ÃóÕúäóÇãöåöãú¡ æóäõÕúÑóÉö
Ïöíäö Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóÞøö Ýöí ÈõØúáóÇäö ãóÇ åõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú
ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÓúÊóÍöÞøõ Ãóäú ÊõßóÓøóÑó¡ æóÃóäú
ÊõåóÇäó ÛóÇíóÉó ÇáúÅöåóÇäóÉö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÎóÑóÌõæÇ Åöáóì ÚöíÏöåöãú¡
æóÇÓúÊóÞóÑøó åõæó Ýöí ÈóáóÏöåöãú {ÝÑóÇÛó Åöáóì ÂáöåóÊöåöãú}
[ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 91] . Ãóíú ÐóåóÈó ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãõÓúÑöÚðÇ ãõÓúÊóÎúÝöíðÇ
(1/334)
ÝóæóÌóÏóåóÇ Ýöí Èóåúæò ÚóÙöíãò¡ æóÞóÏú
æóÖóÚõæÇ Èóíúäó ÃóíúÏöíóåóÇ ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóØúÚöãóÉö ÞõÑúÈóÇäðÇ
ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáÊøóåóßøõãö æóÇáöÇÒúÏöÑóÇÁö:
{ÃóáóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó - ãóÇ áóßõãú áóÇ ÊóäúØöÞõæäó - ÝóÑóÇÛó Úóáóíúåöãú
ÖóÑúÈðÇ ÈöÇáúíóãöíäö} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 91 - 93] º áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÃóÞúæóì
æóÃóÈúØóÔõ æóÃóÓúÑóÚõ æóÃóÞúåóÑõ¡ ÝóßóÓøóÑóåóÇ ÈöÞóÏõæãò Ýöí íóÏöåö¡
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÌóÚóáóåõãú ÌõÐóÇÐðÇ} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 58] Ãóíú
ÍõØóÇãðÇ ßóÓøóÑóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ {ÅöáøóÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ áóåõãú áóÚóáøóåõãú
Åöáóíúåö íóÑúÌöÚõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 58] . Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ æóÖóÚó
ÇáúÞóÏõæãó Ýöí íóÏö ÇáúßóÈöíÑö ÅöÔóÇÑóÉð Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÛóÇÑó Ãóäú
ÊõÚúÈóÏó ãóÚóåõ åóÐöåö ÇáÕøöÛóÇÑõ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚõæÇ ãöäú ÚöíÏöåöãú¡
æóæóÌóÏõæÇ ãóÇ Íóáøó ÈöãóÚúÈõæÏöåöãú {ÞóÇáõæÇ ãóäú ÝóÚóáó åóÐóÇ
ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ Åöäøóåõ áóãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 59] .
æóåóÐóÇ Ýöíåö Ïóáöíáñ ÙóÇåöÑñ áóåõãú áóæú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÞöáõæäó¡
æóåõæó ãóÇ Íóáøó ÈöÂáöåóÊöåöãõ ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäóåóÇ¡
Ýóáóæú ßóÇäóÊú ÂáöåóÉð áóÏóÝóÚóÊú Úóäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåóÇ ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏóåóÇ
ÈöÓõæÁò áóßöäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ ãöäú Ìóåúáöåöãú¡ æóÞöáøóÉö ÚóÞúáöåöãú¡
æóßóËúÑóÉö ÖóáóÇáöåöãú¡ æóÎóÈóÇáöåöãú: {ãóäú ÝóÚóáó åóÐóÇ
ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ Åöäøóåõ áóãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóãöÚúäóÇ ÝóÊðì
íóÐúßõÑõåõãú íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 59] . Ãóíú
íóÐúßõÑõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóíúÈö¡ æóÇáÊøóäóÞøõÕö áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáöÇÒúÏöÑóÇÁö ÈöåóÇ
Ýóåõæó ÇáúãõÞöíãõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÇáúßóÇÓöÑõ áóåóÇ¡ æóÚóáóì Þóæúáö
ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò Ãóíú íóÐúßõÑõåõãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: {æóÊóÇááøóåö
áóÃóßöíÏóäøó ÃóÕúäóÇãóßõãú ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú ÊõæóáøõæÇ ãõÏúÈöÑöíäó}
[ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 57] . {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÃúÊõæÇ Èöåö Úóáóì ÃóÚúíõäö ÇáäøóÇÓö
áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÔúåóÏõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 61] . Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúãóáóÃö
ÇáúÃóßúÈóÑö Úóáóì ÑõÁõæÓö ÇáúÃóÔúåóÇÏö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÔúåóÏõæäó
ãóÞóÇáóÊóåõ¡ æóíóÓúãóÚõæäó ßóáóÇãóåõ¡ æóíõÚóÇíöäõæäó ãóÇ íóÍöáøõ
Èöåö ãöäó ÇáöÇÞúÊöÕóÇÕö ãöäúåõ¡ æóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ÃóßúÈóÑó ãóÞóÇÕöÏö
ÇáúÎóáöíáö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ãóäú íóÌúÊóãöÚó ÇáäøóÇÓõ ßõáøõåõãú
ÝóíõÞöíãó Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÚõÈøóÇÏö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö ÇáúÍõÌøóÉó Úóáóì
ÈõØúáóÇäö ãóÇ åõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ
áöÝöÑúÚóæúäó: {ãóæúÚöÏõßõãú íóæúãõ ÇáÒøöíäóÉö æóÃóäú íõÍúÔóÑó
ÇáäøóÇÓõ ÖõÍðì} [Øå: 59] .
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ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ æóÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö.
ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑõæÇ: {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÃóäúÊó ÝóÚóáúÊó åóÐóÇ ÈöÂáöåóÊöäóÇ íóÇ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÞóÇáó Èóáú ÝóÚóáóåõ ßóÈöíÑõåõãú åóÐóÇ} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 62] .
Þöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ åõæó ÇáúÍóÇãöáõ áöí Úóáóì ÊóßúÓöíÑöåóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ
ÚóÑøóÖó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞóæúáö {ÝóÇÓúÃóáõæåõãú Åöäú ßóÇäõæÇ
íóäúØöÞõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 63] . æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÞóæúáöåö åóÐóÇ
Ãóäú íõÈóÇÏöÑõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÞóæúáö Ãóäøó åóÐöåö áóÇ ÊóäúØöÞõ
ÝóíóÚúÊóÑöÝõæÇ ÈöÃóäøóåóÇ ÌóãóÇÏñ ßóÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÌóãóÇÏóÇÊö
{ÝóÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäøóßõãú ÃóäúÊõãõ
ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 64] . Ãóíú ÝóÚóÇÏõæÇ Úóáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú
ÈöÇáúãóáóÇãóÉö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: {Åöäøóßõãú ÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó}
[ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 64] . Ãóíú Ýöí ÊóÑúßöåóÇ áóÇ ÍóÇÝöÙó áóåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÍóÇÑöÓó
ÚöäúÏóåóÇ {Ëõãøó äõßöÓõæÇ Úóáóì ÑõÁõæÓöåöãú} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 65] . ÞóÇáó
ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: Ãóíú Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÝöÊúäóÉö ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ
íóßõæäõ Þóæúáõåõ: {Åöäøóßõãú ÃóäúÊõãõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 64]
. Ãóíú Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåóÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ ÃóÏúÑóßóÊö ÇáúÞóæúãó
ÍóíúÑóÉõ ÓóæúÁò Ãóíú ÝóÃóØúÑóÞõæÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáõæÇ: {áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó
ãóÇ åóÄõáóÇÁö íóäúØöÞõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 65] . Ãóíú áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó íóÇ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö áóÇ ÊóäúØöÞõ ÝóßóíúÝó ÊóÃúãõÑõäóÇ
ÈöÓõÄóÇáöåóÇ ÝóÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÞóÇáó áóåõãõ ÇáúÎóáöíáõ Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: {ÃóÝóÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõßõãú
ÔóíúÆðÇ æóáóÇ íóÖõÑøõßõãú ÃõÝøò áóßõãú æóáöãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú
Ïõæäö Çááøóåö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 66] . ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó:
{ÝóÃóÞúÈóáõæÇ Åöáóíúåö íóÒöÝøõæäó} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 94] . ÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ:
íõÓúÑöÚõæäó. {ÞóÇáó ÃóÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãóÇ ÊóäúÍöÊõæäó} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 95] .
Ãóíú ßóíúÝó ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÃóÕúäóÇãðÇ ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóäúÍöÊõæäóåóÇ ãöäó
ÇáúÎóÔóÈö æóÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÊõÕóæøöÑõæäóåóÇ æóÊõÔóßøöáõæäóåóÇ ßóãóÇ
ÊõÑöíÏõæäó {æóÇááøóåõ ÎóáóÞóßõãú æóãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 96] ¿
æóÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäóÊú ãóÇ ãóÕúÏóÑöíøóÉð Ãóæú ÈöãóÚúäóì ÇáøóÐöí
ÝóãõÞúÊóÖóì ÇáúßóáóÇãö Ãóäøóßõãú ãóÎúáõæÞõæäó æóåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó
ãóÎúáõæÞóÉñ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó íóÚúÈõÏõ ãóÎúáõæÞñ ãóÎúáõæÞðÇ ãöËúáóåõ
ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÚöÈóÇÏóÊõßõãú
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áóåóÇ ÈöÃóæúáóì ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåóÇ áóßõãú¡
æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÇØöáñ ÝóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÈóÇØöáñ áöáÊøóÍóßøõãöº ÅöÐú áóíúÓóÊö
ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏóÉõ ÊóÕúáõÍõ æóáóÇ ÊóÌöÈõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáúÎóÇáöÞö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ
ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ. {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÈúäõæÇ áóåõ ÈõäúíóÇäðÇ ÝóÃóáúÞõæåõ Ýöí
ÇáúÌóÍöíãö ÝóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Èöåö ßóíúÏðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãõ ÇáúÃóÓúÝóáöíäó}
[ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 97] . ÚóÏóáõæÇ Úóäö ÇáúÌöÏóÇáö æóÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö áóãøóÇ
ÇäúÞóØóÚõæÇ æóÛõáöÈõæÇ¡ æóáóãú ÊóÈúÞó áóåõãú ÍóÌøóÉñ æóáóÇ ÔõÈúåóÉñ¡
Åöáóì ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáö ÞõæøóÊöåöãú æóÓõáúØóÇäöåöãú¡ áöíóäúÕõÑõæÇ ãóÇ
åõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÓóÝóåöåöãú æóØõÛúíóÇäöåöãú¡ ÝóßóÇÏóåõãõ ÇáÑøóÈøõ
Ìóáøó ÌóáóÇáõåõ¡ æóÃóÚúáóì ßóáöãóÊóåõ æóÏöíäóåõ æóÈõÑúåóÇäóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ
ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÑøöÞõæåõ æóÇäúÕõÑõæÇ ÂáöåóÊóßõãú Åöäú
ßõäúÊõãú ÝóÇÚöáöíäó ÞõáúäóÇ íóÇäóÇÑõ ßõæäöí ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóÓóáóÇãðÇ Úóáóì
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Èöåö ßóíúÏðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãõ
ÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 68] . æóÐóáößó Ãóäøóåõãú ÔóÑóÚõæÇ
íóÌúãóÚõæäó ÍóØóÈðÇ ãöäú ÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ íõãúßöäõåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö¡
ÝóãóßóËõæÇ ãõÏøóÉð íóÌúãóÚõæäó áóåõ ÍóÊøóì Åöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó
ãöäúåõãú ßóÇäóÊú ÅöÐóÇ ãóÑöÖóÊú ÊóäúÐöÑõ áóÆöäú ÚõæÝöíóÊú
áóÊóÍúãöáóäøó ÍóØóÈðÇ áöÍóÑöíÞö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ Ëõãøó ÚóãóÏõæÇ Åöáóì
ÌóæúÈóÉò ÚóÙöíãóÉò ÝóæóÖóÚõæÇ ÝöíåóÇ Ðóáößó ÇáúÍóØóÈó¡ æóÃóØúáóÞõæÇ
Ýöíåö ÇáäøóÇÑó ÝóÇÖúØóÑóãóÊú æóÊóÃóÌøóÌóÊú æóÇáúÊóåóÈóÊú¡ æóÚóáóÇåóÇ
ÔóÑóÑñ áóãú íõÑó ãöËúáõåõ ÞóØøõ¡ Ëõãøó æóÖóÚõæÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ýöí ßöÝøóÉö ãóäúÌóäöíÞò ÕóäóÚóåõ áóåõãú ÑóÌõáñ
ãöäó ÇáúÃóßúÑóÇÏö íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ åöíÒóäõ¡ æóßóÇäó Ãóæøóáó ãóäú ÕóäóÚó
ÇáúãóÌóÇäöíÞó ÝóÎóÓóÝó Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýóåõæó íóÊóÌóáúÌóáõ
ÝöíåóÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÎóÐõæÇ íõÞóíøöÏõæäóåõ
æóíõßóÊøöÝõæäóåõ¡ æóåõæó íóÞõæáõ: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ ÃóäúÊó
ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó¡ áóßó ÇáúÍóãúÏõ æóáóßó Çáúãõáúßõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóßó.
ÝóáóãøóÇ æõÖöÚó ÇáúÎóáöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ýöí ßöÝøóÉö
ÇáúãóäúÌóäöíÞö ãõÞóíøóÏðÇ ãóßúÊõæÝðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóáúÞóæúåõ
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ãöäúåõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó: ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ
Çááøóåõ¡ æóäöÚúãó Çáúæóßöíáõ. ßóãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö
ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ Çááøóåõ æóäöÚúãó Çáúæóßöíáõ.
ÞóÇáóåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Íöíäó ÃõáúÞöíó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö¡ æóÞóÇáóåóÇ
ãõÍóãøóÏñ Íöíäó Þöíáó áóåõ: {Åöäøó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÞóÏú ÌóãóÚõæÇ áóßõãú
ÝóÇÎúÔóæúåõãú ÝóÒóÇÏóåõãú ÅöíãóÇäðÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÍóÓúÈõäóÇ Çááøóåõ
æóäöÚúãó Çáúæóßöíáõ ÝóÇäúÞóáóÈõæÇ ÈöäöÚúãóÉò ãöäó Çááøóåö æóÝóÖúáò
áóãú íóãúÓóÓúåõãú ÓõæÁñ} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 173]
[Âáö ÚöãúÑóÇäó: 173 - 174] . ÇáúÂíóÉó.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ íóÚúáóì: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ åöÔóÇãò ÇáÑøöÝóÇÚöíøõ¡
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ÓõáóíúãóÇäó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÌóÚúÝóÑò
ÇáÑøóÇÒöíøö¡ Úóäú ÚóÇÕöãö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáäøóÌõæÏö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÕóÇáöÍò¡
Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
æóÓóáøóãó: «áóãøóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö ÞóÇáó:
Çááøóåõãøó Åöäøóßó Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÃóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö
æóÇÍöÏñ ÃóÚúÈõÏõßó» .
æóÐóßóÑó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö Ãóäøó ÌöÈúÑöíáó ÚóÑóÖó áóåõ Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö
ÝóÞóÇáó: Ãóáóßó ÍóÇÌóÉñ¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóãøóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ. æóíõÑúæóì
Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÌóÚóáó
ãóáóßõ ÇáúãóØóÑö íóÞõæáõ: ãóÊóì ÃõæãóÑõ ÝóÃõÑúÓöáó ÇáúãóØóÑó¿
ÝóßóÇäó ÃóãúÑõ Çááøóåö ÃóÓúÑóÚó {ÞõáúäóÇ íóÇ äóÇÑõ ßõæäöí ÈóÑúÏðÇ
æóÓóáóÇãðÇ Úóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 69] . ÞóÇáó Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ
ÃóÈöí ØóÇáöÈò Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÖõÑøöíåö¡ æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò æóÃóÈõæ
ÇáúÚóÇáöíóÉö: áóæúáóÇ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÇáó: {æóÓóáóÇãðÇ Úóáóì
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 69] áóÃóÐóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÈóÑúÏõåóÇ. æóÞóÇáó
ßóÚúÈõ ÇáúÃóÍúÈóÇÑö: áóãú íóäúÊóÝöÚú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóæúãóÆöÐò
ÈöäóÇÑò¡ æóáóãú íõÍúÑóÞú ãöäúåõ Óöæóì æóËóÇÞöåö. æóÞóÇáó
ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ: íõÑúæóì Ãóäøó ÌöÈúÑöíáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ßóÇäó
ãóÚóåõ íóãúÓóÍõ ÇáúÚóÑóÞó Úóäú æóÌúåöåö áóãú íõÕöÈúåõ ãöäúåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ
ÛóíúÑõåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãóáóßõ ÇáÙøöáøö.
æóÕóÇÑó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ
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Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ýöí ãöËúáö ÇáúÌõæäóÉö
Íóæúáóåõ ÇáäøóÇÑõ¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÑóæúÖóÉò ÎóÖúÑóÇÁó¡ æóÇáäøóÇÓõ
íóäúÙõÑõæäó Åöáóíúåö áóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóíúåö¡
æóáóÇ åõæó íóÎúÑõÌõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÝóÚóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ãóäøóåõ
ÞóÇáó: ÃóÍúÓóäõ ßóáöãóÉò ÞóÇáóåóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó
áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì æóáóÏóåõ Úóáóì Êöáúßó ÇáúÍóÇáö: äöÚúãó ÇáÑøóÈøõ ÑóÈøõßó
íóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ.
æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÚóÓóÇßöÑó¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó: Ãóäøó Ãõãøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
äóÙóÑóÊú Åöáóì ÇÈúäöåóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÝóäóÇÏóÊúåõ: íóÇ Èõäóíøó
Åöäøöí ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃóÌöíÁó Åöáóíúßó¡ ÝóÇÏúÚõ Çááøóåó Ãóäú
íõäóÌøöíóäöí ãöäú ÍóÑøö ÇáäøóÇÑö Íóæúáóßó. ÝóÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú.
ÝóÃóÞúÈóáóÊú Åöáóíúåö áóÇ íóãóÓøõåóÇ ÔóíúÁñ ãöäú ÍóÑøö ÇáäøóÇÑö¡
ÝóáóãøóÇ æóÕóáóÊú Åöáóíúåö ÇÚúÊóäóÞóÊúåõ¡ æóÞóÈøóáóÊúåõ¡ Ëõãøó
ÚóÇÏóÊú. æóÚóäö ÇáúãöäúåóÇáö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÃõÎúÈöÑúÊõ
Ãóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãóßóËó åõäóÇßó ÅöãøóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó¡ æóÅöãøóÇ
ÎóãúÓöíäó íóæúãðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÃóíøóÇãðÇ æóáóíóÇáöíó
ÃóØúíóÈó ÚóíúÔðÇ ÅöÐú ßõäúÊõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóæóÏöÏúÊõ Ãóäøó ÚóíúÔöí
æóÍóíóÇÊöí ßõáøóåóÇ ãöËúáõ ÅöÐú ßõäúÊõ ÝöíåóÇ. ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö
æóÓóáóÇãõåõ Úóáóíúåö.
ÝóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóäúÊóÕöÑõæÇ ÝóÎõÐöáõæÇ¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú
íóÑúÊóÝöÚõæÇ ÝóÇÊøóÖóÚõæÇ¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Ãóäú íóÛúáöÈõæÇ ÝóÛõáöÈõæÇ
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÃóÑóÇÏõæÇ Èöåö ßóíúÏðÇ ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇåõãõ
ÇáúÃóÎúÓóÑöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 70] . æóÝöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì:
ÇáúÃóÓúÝóáöíäó ÝóÝóÇÒõæÇ ÈöÇáúÎóÓóÇÑóÉö æóÇáÓøóÝóÇáö åóÐóÇ Ýöí
ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÝóÅöäøó äóÇÑóåõãú áóÇ Êóßõæäõ
Úóáóíúåöãú ÈóÑúÏðÇ æóáóÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ¡ æóáóÇ íõáóÞøóæúäó ÝöíåóÇ
ÊóÍöíøóÉð æóáóÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ¡ Èóáú åöíó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÅöäøóåóÇ
ÓóÇÁóÊú ãõÓúÊóÞóÑøðÇ æóãõÞóÇãðÇ} [ÇáÝÑÞÇä: 66] .
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚõÈóíúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãõæÓóì Ãóæö
ÇÈúäõ ÓóáøóÇãò Úóäúåõ¡
(1/339)
ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö
ÇáúÍóãöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ Úóäú Ãõãøö
ÔóÑöíßò Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó
ÃóãóÑó ÈöÞóÊúáö ÇáúæóÒóÛö. æóÞóÇáó «ßóÇäó íóäúÝõÎõ Úóáóì
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» . æóÑóæóÇåõ ãõÓúáöãñ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÌõÑóíúÌò¡
æóÃóÎúÑóÌóÇåõ¡ æóÇáäøóÓóÇÆöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö
ÓõÝúíóÇäó Èúäö ÚõíóíúäóÉó¡ ßöáóÇåõãóÇ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö Èúäö
ÌõÈóíúÑö Èúäö ÔóíúÈóÉó Èöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ
Èúäõ ÈóßúÑò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö
Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÃõãóíøóÉó Ãóäøó äóÇÝöÚðÇ ãóæúáóì
ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó ÃóÎúÈóÑóåõ Ãóäøó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÃóÎúÈóÑóÊúåõ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó
Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÇÞúÊõáõæÇ
ÇáúæóÒóÛó ÝóÅöäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóäúÝõÎõ Úóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáäøóÇÑó» .
ÞóÇáó: ÝóßóÇäóÊú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉõ ÊóÞúÊõáõåõäøó. æóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ:
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ¡ Úóäú äóÇÝöÚò Ãóäøó
ÇãúÑóÃóÉð ÏóÎóáóÊú Úóáóì ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó¡ ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÑõãúÍñ ãóäúÕõæÈñ
ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøõãúÍõ¿ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: äóÞúÊõáõ Èöåö
ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÛó¡ Ëõãøó ÍóÏøóËóÊú Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ
Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Ãóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóãøóÇ ÃõáúÞöíó Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö
ÌóÚóáóÊö ÇáÏøóæóÇÈøõ ßõáøõåóÇ ÊõØúÝöÆõ Úóäúåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúæóÒóÛó
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÌóÚóáó íóäúÝõÎõåóÇ Úóáóíúåö» . ÊóÝóÑøóÏó Èöåö ÃóÍúãóÏõ
ãöäú åóÐóíúäö ÇáúæóÌúåóíúäö.
æóÞóÇáó ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÝøóÇäõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÌóÑöíÑñ¡
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ äóÇÝöÚñ ÍóÏøóËóÊúäöí ÓóÇÆöÈóÉõ ãóæúáóÇÉõ ÇáúÝóÇßöåö Èúäö
ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö ÞóÇáóÊú ÏóÎóáúÊõ Úóáóì ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó
(1/340)
ÝóÑóÃóíúÊõ Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ ÑõãúÍðÇ
ãóæúÖõæÚðÇ ÝóÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ Ãõãøó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãóÇ ÊóÕúäóÚöíäó
ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáÑøõãúÍö¿ ÞóÇáóÊú: åóÐóÇ áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÃóæúÒóÇÛö
äóÞúÊõáõåõäøó Èöåö ÝóÅöäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
æóÓóáøóãó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ «Ãóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Íöíäó ÃõáúÞöíó Ýöí
ÇáäøóÇÑö áóãú Êóßõäú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÏóÇÈøóÉñ ÅöáøóÇ ÊõØúÝöÆõ Úóäúåõ
ÇáäøóÇÑó ÛóíúÑó ÇáúæóÒóÛö ßóÇäó íóäúÝõÎõ Úóáóíúåö» . ÝóÃóãóÑóäóÇ
ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöÞóÊúáöåö.
æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ãóÇÌóåú¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÈóßúÑö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ Úóäú
íõæäõÓó Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ Úóäú ÌóÑöíÑö Èúäö ÍóÇÒöãò Èöåö.
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[ÐößúÑõ ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
ÇáúÎóáöíáö ãóÚó ãóäö ÇÏøóÚóì ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉó]
ÐößúÑõ ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúÎóáöíáö ãóÚó ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú
íõäóÇÒöÚó ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ÇáúÌóáöíáó Ýöí ÅöÒóÇÑö ÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö æóÑöÏóÇÁö
ÇáúßöÈúÑöíóÇÁö ÝóÇÏøóÚóì ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉó æóåõæó ÃóÍóÏõ ÇáúÚóÈöíÏö
ÇáÖøõÚóÝóÇÁö
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Ãóáóãú ÊóÑó Åöáóì ÇáøóÐöí ÍóÇÌøó
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Ýöí ÑóÈøöåö Ãóäú ÂÊóÇåõ Çááøóåõ Çáúãõáúßó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÑóÈøöíó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÃõÍúíöí
æóÃõãöíÊõ ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúÊöí ÈöÇáÔøóãúÓö
ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö ÝóÃúÊö ÈöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö ÝóÈõåöÊó ÇáøóÐöí
ßóÝóÑó æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 258]
. [ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: 258] . íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉó Îóáöíáöåö ãóÚó
åóÐóÇ Çáúãóáößö ÇáúÌóÈøóÇÑö ÇáúãõÊóãóÑøöÏö ÇáøóÐöí ÇÏøóÚóì
áöäóÝúÓöåö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉö ÝóÃóÈúØóáó ÇáúÎóáöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ
Ïóáöíáóåõ¡ æóÈóíøóäó ßóËúÑóÉó Ìóåúáöåö æóÞöáøóÉó ÚóÞúáöåö¡
æóÃóáúÌóãóåõ ÇáúÍõÌøóÉó æóÃóæúÖóÍó áóåõ ØóÑöíÞó ÇáúãóÍóÌøóÉö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáäøóÓóÈö
æóÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö: æóåóÐóÇ Çáúãóáößõ åõæó ãóáößõ ÈóÇÈöáó¡ æóÇÓúãõåõ
ÇáäøõãúÑõæÏõ Èúäõ ßóäúÚóÇäó Èúäö ßõæÔö Èúäö ÓóÇãö Èúäö äõæÍò ÞóÇáóåõ
ãõÌóÇåöÏñ. æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: äõãúÑõæÏõ Èúäõ ÝóÇáöÍö Èúäö ÚóÇÈóÑó
Èúäö ÕóÇáöÍö Èúäö ÃóÑúÝóÎúÔóÏó Èúäö ÓóÇãö Èúäö äõæÍò. ÞóÇáó
ãõÌóÇåöÏñ æóÛóíúÑõåõ: æóßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏó ãõáõæßö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ.
(1/342)
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÏú ãóáóßó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝöíãóÇ
ÐóßóÑõæÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉñ ãõÄúãöäóÇäö æóßóÇÝöÑóÇäö¡ ÝóÇáúãõÄúãöäóÇäöº Ðõæ
ÇáúÞóÑúäóíúäö æóÓõáóíúãóÇäõ. æóÇáúßóÇÝöÑóÇäöº ÇáäøõãúÑõæÏõ
æÈõÎúÊõäóÕøóÑó¡ æóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøó äõãúÑõæÏðÇ åóÐóÇ ÇÓúÊóãóÑøó Ýöí
ãõáúßöåö ÃóÑúÈóÚóãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò¡ æóßóÇäó ÞóÏú ØóÛóÇ æóÈóÛóÇ
æóÊóÌóÈøóÑó æóÚóÊóÇ¡ æóÂËóÑó ÇáúÍóíóÇÉó ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÏóÚóÇåõ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáúÎóáöíáõ Åöáóì ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó
áóåõ Íóãóáóåõ ÇáúÌóåúáõ æóÇáÖøóáóÇáõ æóØõæáõ ÇáúÅöãúåóÇáö Úóáóì
ÅöäúßóÇÑö ÇáÕøóÇäöÚö¡ ÝóÍóÇÌøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúÎóáöíáó Ýöí Ðóáößó
æóÇÏøóÚóì áöäóÝúÓöåö ÇáÑøõÈõæÈöíøóÉó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåõ
ÇáúÎóáöíáõ: {ÑóÈøöíó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ ÃõÍúíöí
æóÃõãöíÊõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 258] .
ÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: íóÚúäöí
Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÐóÇ ÃõÊöíó ÈöÇáÑøóÌõáóíúäö ÞóÏú ÊóÍóÊøóãó ÞóÊúáõåõãóÇ
ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóãóÑó ÈöÞóÊúáö ÃóÍóÏöåöãóÇ¡ æóÚóÝóÇ Úóäö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡
ÝóßóÃóäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÃóÍúíóÇ åóÐóÇ æóÃóãóÇÊó ÇáúÂÎóÑó¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóíúÓó
ÈöãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉò áöáúÎóáöíáö¡ Èóáú åõæó ßóáóÇãñ ÎóÇÑöÌöíøñ Úóäú ãóÞóÇãö
ÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö áóíúÓó ÈöãóäúÚò æóáóÇ ÈöãõÚóÇÑóÖóÉò¡ Èóáú åõæó
ÊóÔúÛöíÈñ ãóÍúÖñ¡ æóåõæó ÇäúÞöØóÇÚñ Ýöí ÇáúÍóÞöíÞóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäøó
ÇáúÎóáöíáó ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Úóáóì æõÌõæÏö ÇáÕøóÇäöÚö ÈöÍõÏõæËö åóÐöåö
ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÇÊöº ãöäú ÅöÍúíóÇÁö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö¡ æóãóæúÊöåóÇ Úóáóì
æõÌõæÏö ÝóÇÚöáö Ðóáößó ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ ÈõÏøó ãöäö ÇÓúÊöäóÇÏöåóÇ Åöáóì
æõÌõæÏöåö ÖóÑõæÑóÉð¡ æóÚóÏóãö ÞöíóÇãöåóÇ ÈöäóÝúÓöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó
ãöäú ÝóÇÚöáò áöåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóæóÇÏöËö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÉöº ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåóÇ¡
æóÊóÓúÎöíÑöåóÇ¡ æóÊóÓúíöíÑö åóÐöåö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö¡ æóÇáÑøöíóÇÍö¡
æóÇáÓøóÍóÇÈö¡ æóÇáúãóØóÑö¡ æóÎóáúÞö åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí
ÊõæÌóÏõ ãõÔóÇåóÏóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÅöãóÇÊóÊöåóÇ. æóáöåóÐóÇ {ÞóÇáó
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÑóÈøöíó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 258] .
ÝóÞóæúáõ
(1/343)
åóÐóÇ Çáúãóáößö ÇáúÌóÇåöáö: {ÃóäóÇ
ÃõÍúíöí æóÃõãöíÊõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 258] . Åöäú Úóäóì Ãóäøóåõ ÇáúÝóÇÚöáõ
áöåóÐöåö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÇÊö ÝóÞóÏú ßóÇÈóÑó æóÚóÇäóÏó¡ æóÅöäú Úóäóì ãóÇ
ÐóßóÑóåõ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Ýóáóãú
íóÞõáú ÔóíúÆðÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈößóáóÇãö ÇáúÎóáöíáöº ÅöÐú áóãú íóãúäóÚú
ãõÞóÏøöãóÉð æóáóÇ ÚóÇÑóÖó ÇáÏøóáöíáó¡ æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÇäúÞöØóÇÚõ
ãõäóÇÙóÑóÉö åóÐóÇ Çáúãóáößö ÞóÏú ÊóÎúÝóì Úóáóì ßóËöíÑò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö
ãöãøóäú ÍóÖóÑóåõ æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ÐóßóÑó ÏóáöíáðÇ ÂÎóÑó Èóíøóäó æõÌõæÏó
ÇáÕøóÇäöÚö æóÈõØúáóÇäó ãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóÇåõ ÇáäøõãúÑõæÏõ¡ æóÇäúÞöØóÇÚóåõ
ÌóåúÑóÉð {ÞóÇáó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó íóÃúÊöí ÈöÇáÔøóãúÓö ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö
ÝóÃúÊö ÈöåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 258] . Ãóíú åóÐöåö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ
ãõÓóÎøóÑóÉñ ßõáøó íóæúãò ÊóØúáõÚõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÔúÑöÞö ßóãóÇ ÓóÎøóÑóåóÇ
ÎóÇáöÞõåóÇ æóãõÓóíøöÑõåóÇ æóÞóÇåöÑõåóÇ¡ æóåõæó Çááøóåõ ÇáøóÐöí áóÇ
Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ åõæó ÎóÇáöÞõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó ßóãóÇ
ÒóÚóãúÊó ãöäú Ãóäøóßó ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÍúíöí æóÊõãöíÊõ¡ ÝóÃúÊö ÈöåóÐöåö
ÇáÔøóãúÓö ãöäó ÇáúãóÛúÑöÈö¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáøóÐöí íõÍúíöí æóíõãöíÊõ åõæó
ÇáøóÐöí íóÝúÚóáõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóáóÇ íõãóÇäóÚõ æóáóÇ íõÛóÇáóÈõ¡ Èóáú
ÞóÏú ÞóåóÑó ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò¡ æóÏóÇäó áóåõ ßõáøõ ÔóíúÁò¡ ÝóÅöäú ßõäúÊó
ßóãóÇ ÊóÒúÚõãõ ÝóÇÝúÚóáú åóÐóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÝúÚóáúåõ ÝóáóÓúÊó
ßóãóÇ ÒóÚóãúÊó¡ æóÃóäúÊó ÊóÚúáóãõ æóßõáøõ ÃóÍóÏò Ãóäøóßó áóÇ
ÊóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÔóíúÁò ãöäú åóÐóÇ¡ Èóáú ÃóäúÊó ÃóÚúÌóÒõ æóÃóÞóáøõ
ãöäú Ãóäú ÊóÎúáõÞó ÈóÚõæÖóÉð Ãóæú ÊóäúÊóÕöÑó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÈóíøóäó
ÖóáóÇáóåõ æóÌóåúáóåõ¡ æóßóÐöÈóåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÇÏøóÚóÇåõ æóÈõØúáóÇäó ãóÇ
Óóáóßóåõ æóÊóÈóÌøóÍó Èöåö ÚöäúÏó ÌóåóáóÉö Þóæúãöåö¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÞó
áóåõ ßóáóÇãñ íõÌöíÈõ ÇáúÎóáöíáó Èöåö¡ Èóáö ÇäúÞóØóÚó æóÓóßóÊóº
æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {ÝóÈõåöÊó ÇáøóÐöí ßóÝóÑó æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóåúÏöí
ÇáúÞóæúãó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 258] .
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ Ãóäøó åóÐöåö ÇáúãõäóÇÙóÑóÉó ßóÇäóÊú Èóíúäó
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ãöäó ÇáøóÐöí ÌöÆúÊó Èöåö. ÝóÚóÑóÝó Ãóäøóåõ ÑöÒúÞñ ÑóÒóÞóåõãõæåõ
Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó ÞóÇáó ÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÓúáóãó: æóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ
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ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÚúáóãõ.
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ÇáÔøóÇãö æóÏõÎõæáöåö ÇáÏøöíóÇÑó ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉó]
ó æóÇÓúÊöÞúÑóÇÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÓóÉö
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ÇáÒøóßóÇÉö æóßóÇäõæÇ áóäóÇ ÚóÇÈöÏöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 72 - 73]
[ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö: 71 - 73] . áóãøóÇ åóÌóÑó Þóæúãóåõ Ýöí Çááøóåö¡
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[ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 63] . æóÞóÇáó: ÈóíúäóÇ åõæó ÐóÇÊó íóæúãò æóÓóÇÑóÉõ ÅöÐú
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ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ.
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[ÐößúÑõ ãóæúáöÏö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãöäú åóÇÌóÑó]
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ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö: áóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝöí ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÇÚöáñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ
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æóáóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚóÊú åóÇÌóÑõ æóÖóÚóÊú
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ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõåóíúáöíøõ: ÝóßóÇäóÊú Ãóæøóáó ãóäö ÇÎúÊóÊóäó ãöäó
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ãõäúØóáöÞðÇ ÝóÊóÈöÚóÊúåõ Ãõãøõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: íóÇ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Ãóíúäó ÊóÐúåóÈõ¡ æóÊóÊúÑõßõäóÇ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÇÏöí
ÇáøóÐöí áóíúÓó Ýöíåö ÅöäúÓñ æóáóÇ ÔóíúÁñ¿ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ Ðóáößó
ãöÑóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÌóÚóáó áóÇ íóáúÊóÝöÊõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú áóåõ: Âááøóåõ
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Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚóÊú ÝóÇäúØóáóÞó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó ÚöäúÏó
ÇáËøóäöíøóÉö ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÑóæúäóåõ ÇÓúÊóÞúÈóáó ÈöæóÌúåöåö ÇáúÈóíúÊó¡
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{ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøöí ÃóÓúßóäúÊõ ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÈöæóÇÏò ÛóíúÑö Ðöí
ÒóÑúÚò ÚöäúÏó ÈóíúÊößó ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö ÑóÈøóäóÇ áöíõÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó
ÝóÇÌúÚóáú ÃóÝúÆöÏóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Êóåúæöí Åöáóíúåöãú æóÇÑúÒõÞúåõãú
ãöäó ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÔúßõÑõæäó} [ÅÈÑÇåíã: 37] .
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ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó¡ æóÊóÔúÑóÈõ ãöäú Ðóáößó ÇáúãóÇÁö ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ äóÝóÐó
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ßóÑóÇåöíóÉó Ãóäú ÊóäúÙõÑó Åöáóíúåö ÝóæóÌóÏóÊö ÇáÕøóÝóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈó
ÌóÈóáò Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóáöíåóÇ ÝóÞóÇãóÊú Úóáóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó
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«ÝóÐóáößó ÓóÚúíõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ» . ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóÔúÑóÝóÊú Úóáóì
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áóæú ÊóÑóßóÊú ÒóãúÒóãó» . Ãóæú ÞóÇáó: «áóæú áóãú ÊóÛúÑöÝú ãöäó
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æóÃóÑúÖóÚóÊú æóáóÏóåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó áóåóÇ Çáúãóáóßõ: áóÇ ÊóÎóÇÝöí
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(1/358)
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äóÚóãú. ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì
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ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóáóãú íóßõäú
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ÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉó¡ æóåõãóÇ íóÞõæáóÇäö: {ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÊóÞóÈøóáú ãöäøóÇ Åöäøóßó
ÃóäúÊó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 127] . ÞóÇáó: æóÌóÚóáóÇ
íóÈúäöíóÇäö ÍóÊøóì íóÏõæÑóÇ Íóæúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ æóåõãóÇ íóÞõæáóÇäö:
{ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÊóÞóÈøóáú ãöäøóÇ Åöäøóßó ÃóäúÊó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ}
[ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 127]
Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏò¡
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Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ
Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÇÎúÊóÊóäó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ËóãóÇäöíäó ÓóäóÉð ÈöÇáúÞóÏõæãö» . ÊóÇÈóÚóåõ
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(1/361)
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(1/362)
[ÞöÕøóÉõ ÇáÐøóÈöíÍö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ]
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÐóÇåöÈñ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöí
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ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö æóÍúíñ» . ÞóÇáóåõ
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[ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 103] . Þöíáó: ÃóÓúáóãóÇ Ãóíö ÇÓúÊóÓúáóãóÇ áöÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö
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ÈóíúäóåóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÍóáúÞöåö ÕóÝöíÍóÉñ ãöäú äõÍóÇÓò. æóÇááøóåõ
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åóÐóÇ áóåõæó ÇáúÈóáóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÈöíäõ} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 106] . Ãóíö
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ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóåõæó ÎóáöíÝóÉñ ÅöÐú ßóÇäó ãóÚóåõ ÈöÇáÔøóÇãö íóÚúäöí
ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáóåõ ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö: {ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ
ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó} [åæÏ: 71] . ÝóÞóÇáó
áóåõ ÚõãóÑõ: Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÁó ãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÃóäúÙõÑõ Ýöíåö¡
æóÅöäøöí áóÃóÑóÇåõ ßóãóÇ ÞõáúÊó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÑúÓóáó Åöáóì ÑóÌõáò ßóÇäó
ÚöäúÏóåõ ÈöÇáÔøóÇãö ßóÇäó íóåõæÏöíøðÇ ÝóÃóÓúáóãó æóÍóÓõäó
ÅöÓúáóÇãõåõ¡ æóßóÇäó íõÑóì Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÆöåöãú ÞóÇáó:
ÝóÓóÃóáóåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Úóäú Ðóáößó - ÞóÇáó
ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ßóÚúÈò: æóÃóäóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö
- ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö: Ãóíøõ ÇÈúäóíú
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÃõãöÑó ÈöÐóÈúÍöåö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ æóÇááøóåö íóÇ
ÃóãöíÑó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÅöäøó íóåõæÏó áóÊóÚúáóãõ
(1/369)
ÈöÐóáößó¡ æóáóßöäøóåõãú íóÍúÓõÏõæäóßõãú
ãóÚúÔóÑó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö Úóáóì Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÃóÈóÇßõãõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó ãöäú
ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö Ýöíåö æóÇáúÝóÖúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÐóßóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåõ
áöÕóÈúÑöåö áöãóÇ ÃõãöÑó Èöåö¡ Ýóåõãú íóÌúÍóÏõæäó Ðóáößó
æóíóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõº áöÃóäøó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÃóÈõæåõãú. æóÞóÏú
ÐóßóÑúäóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúãóÓúÃóáóÉó ãõÓúÊóÞúÕóÇÉð ÈöÃóÏöáøóÊöåóÇ¡
æóÂËóÇÑöåóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöäóÇ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ
æóÇáúãöäøóÉõ.
(1/370)
[ÐößúÑõ ãóæúáöÏö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ]
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó äóÈöíøðÇ ãöäó
ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó æóÈóÇÑóßúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÚóáóì ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú
ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ãõÍúÓöäñ æóÙóÇáöãñ áöäóÝúÓöåö ãõÈöíäñ} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ:
112] . æóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊö ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉõ Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö
áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÓóÇÑóÉó áóãøóÇ ãóÑøõæÇ Èöåöãú ãõÌúÊóÇÒöíäó
ÐóÇåöÈöíäó Åöáóì ãóÏóÇÆöäö Þóæúãö áõæØò áöíõÏóãøöÑõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú
áößõÝúÑöåöãú æóÝõÌõæÑöåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÈóíóÇäõåõ Ýöí ãóæúÖöÚöåö
Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóÞóÏú
ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÈöÇáúÈõÔúÑóì ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ ÞóÇáó
ÓóáóÇãñ ÝóãóÇ áóÈöËó Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÈöÚöÌúáò ÍóäöíÐò ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì
ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú áóÇ ÊóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåö äóßöÑóåõãú æóÃóæúÌóÓó ãöäúåõãú
ÎöíÝóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÎóÝú ÅöäøóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúäóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãö áõæØò
æóÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ ÞóÇÆöãóÉñ ÝóÖóÍößóÊú ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó
æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó ÞóÇáóÊú íóÇæóíúáóÊóì ÃóÃóáöÏõ
æóÃóäóÇ ÚóÌõæÒñ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúáöí ÔóíúÎðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚóÌöíÈñ
ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÊóÚúÌóÈöíäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö
æóÈóÑóßóÇÊõåõ Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóåúáó ÇáúÈóíúÊö Åöäøóåõ ÍóãöíÏñ ãóÌöíÏñ}
[åæÏ: 69]
[ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö: 24 - 30] .
(1/371)
íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó
ÞóÇáõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ ËóáóÇËóÉðº ÌöÈúÑöíáó¡ æóãöíßóÇÆöíáó¡
æóÅöÓúÑóÇÝöíáó¡ áóãøóÇ æóÑóÏõæÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÎóáöíáö ÍóÓöÈóåõãú ÃóæøóáðÇ
ÃóÖúíóÇÝðÇ ÝóÚóÇãóáóåõãú ãõÚóÇãóáóÉó ÇáÖøõíõæÝö Ôóæóì áóåõãú ÚöÌúáðÇ
ÓóãöíäðÇ ãöäú ÎöíóÇÑö ÈóÞóÑöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÑøóÈóåõ Åöáóíúåöãú
æóÚóÑóÖó Úóáóíúåöãú áóãú íóÑó áóåõãú åöãøóÉð Åöáóì ÇáúÃóßúáö
ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó áóíúÓó Ýöíåöãú
ÞõæøóÉõ ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö Åöáóì ÇáØøóÚóÇãö ÝóäóßöÑóåõãú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ:
{æóÃóæúÌóÓó ãöäúåõãú ÎöíÝóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÎóÝú ÅöäøóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúäóÇ
Åöáóì Þóæúãö áõæØò} [åæÏ: 70] . Ãóíú áöäõÏóãøöÑó Úóáóíúåöãú
ÝóÇÓúÊóÈúÔóÑóÊú ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó ÓóÇÑóÉõ ÛóÖóÈðÇ áöáøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú
æóßóÇäóÊú ÞóÇÆöãóÉð Úóáóì ÑõÁõæÓö ÇáúÃóÖúíóÇÝö¡ ßóãóÇ ÌóÑóÊú Èöåö
ÚóÇÏóÉõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÖóÍößóÊö
ÇÓúÊöÈúÔóÇÑðÇ ÈöÐóáößó ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåóÇ
ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó} [åæÏ: 71] . Ãóíú
ÈóÔøóÑóÊúåóÇ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÈöÐóáößó {ÝóÃóÞúÈóáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ Ýöí
ÕóÑøóÉò} [ÇáÐÇÑíÇÊ: 29] . Ãóíú Ýöí ÕóÑúÎóÉò {ÝóÕóßøóÊú æóÌúåóåóÇ}
[ÇáÐÇÑíÇÊ: 29] Ãóíú ßóãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ ÚöäúÏó ÇáÊøóÚóÌøõÈö¡
æóÞóÇáóÊú: {íóÇ æóíúáóÊóÇ ÃóÃóáöÏõ æóÃóäóÇ ÚóÌõæÒñ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúáöí
ÔóíúÎðÇ} [åæÏ: 72] . Ãóíú ßóíúÝó íóáöÏõ ãöËúáöí æóÃóäóÇ ßóÈöíÑóÉñ
æóÚóÞöíãñ ÃóíúÖðÇ {æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúáöí} [åæÏ: 72] Ãóíú ÒóæúÌöí ÔóíúÎðÇ¡
ÊóÚóÌøóÈóÊú ãöäú æõÌõæÏö æóáóÏò æóÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ åóÐöåöº æóáöåóÐóÇ
ÞóÇáóÊú: {Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚóÌöíÈñ - ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÊóÚúÌóÈöíäó ãöäú
ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÈóÑóßóÇÊõåõ Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóåúáó
ÇáúÈóíúÊö Åöäøóåõ ÍóãöíÏñ ãóÌöíÏñ} [åæÏ: 72 - 73] . æóßóÐóáößó
ÊóÚóÌøóÈó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇÓúÊöÈúÔóÇÑðÇ ÈöåóÐöåö
ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉö æóÊóËúÈöíÊðÇ áóåóÇ æóÝóÑóÍðÇ ÈöåóÇ
(1/372)
{ÞóÇáó ÃóÈóÔøóÑúÊõãõæäöí Úóáóì Ãóäú
ãóÓøóäöíó ÇáúßöÈóÑõ ÝóÈöãó ÊõÈóÔøöÑõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈóÔøóÑúäóÇßó
ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóáóÇ Êóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇäöØöíäó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 54] .
(1/373)
ÃóßøóÏõæÇ ÇáúÎóÈóÑó ÈöåóÐöåö
ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÞóÑøóÑõæåõ ãóÚóåõ ÝóÈóÔøóÑõæåõãóÇ {ÈöÛõáóÇãò
Úóáöíãò} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 53] æóåõæó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ æóÃóÎõæåõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ ÛõáóÇãñ
Íóáöíãñ ãõäóÇÓöÈñ áöãóÞóÇãöåö æóÕóÈúÑöåö. æóåóßóÐóÇ æóÕóÝóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ
ÈöÕöÏúÞö ÇáúæóÚúÏö æóÇáÕøóÈúÑö. æóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì:
{ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó}
[åæÏ: 71] . æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Èöåö ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ßóÚúÈò
ÇáúÞõÑóÙöíøõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ Úóáóì Ãóäøó ÇáÐøóÈöíÍó åõæó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ¡
æóÃóäøó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó áóÇ íóÌõæÒõ Ãóäú íõÄúãóÑó ÈöÐóÈúÍöåö ÈóÚúÏó Ãóäú
æóÞóÚóÊö ÇáúÈöÔóÇÑóÉõ ÈöæõÌõæÏöåö æóæõÌõæÏö æóáóÏöåö íóÚúÞõæÈó
ÇáúãõÔúÊóÞøö ãöäó ÇáúÚóÞöÈö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö.
æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÍúÖóÑó ãóÚó ÇáúÚöÌúáö
ÇáúÍóäöíÐö æóåõæó ÇáúãóÔúæöíøõ ÑóÛöíÝðÇ ãöäú ãóáøóÉò Ýöíåö ËóáóÇËóÉõ
ÃóßúíóÇáò æóÓóãúäñ æóáóÈóäñ¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóßóáõæÇ¡
æóåóÐóÇ ÛóáóØñ ãóÍúÖñ. æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäõæÇ íõæÑõæäó Ãóäøóåõãú
íóÃúßõáõæäó¡ æóÇáØøóÚóÇãõ íóÊóáóÇÔóì Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõãú
Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞóÇáó áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: ÃóãøóÇ ÓóÇÑóÉõ
ÇãúÑóÃóÊõßó ÝóáóÇ íõÏúÚóì ÇÓúãõåóÇ ÓóÇÑóÇ¡ æóáóßöäö ÇÓúãõåóÇ
ÓóÇÑóÉõ¡ æóÃõÈóÇÑößõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÃõÚúØöíßó ãöäúåóÇ ÇÈúäðÇ
æóÃõÈóÇÑößõåõ¡ æóíóßõæäõ áöáÔøõÚõæÈö¡ æóãõáõæßõ ÇáÔøõÚõæÈö ãöäúåõ.
ÝóÎóÑøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö íóÚúäöí ÓóÇÌöÏðÇ æóÖóÍößó
ÞóÇÆöáðÇ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö: ÃóÈóÚúÏó ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò íõæáóÏõ áöí ÛõáóÇãñ¡
Ãóæú ÓóÇÑóÉõ ÊóáöÏõ æóÞóÏú ÃóÊóÊú ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÊöÓúÚõæäó ÓóäóÉð¿
æóÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ áöáøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: áóíúÊó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó íóÚöíÔõ
ÞõÏøóÇãóßó! ÝóÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó: ÈöÍóÞøöí Åöäøó
ÇãúÑóÃóÊóßó ÓóÇÑóÉó ÊóáöÏõ áóßó ÛõáóÇãðÇ
(1/373)
æóÊóÏúÚõæ ÇÓúãóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Åöáóì ãöËúáö
åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍöíäö ãöäú ÞóÇÈóáò¡ æóÃõæóÇËöÞõåõ ãöíËóÇÞöí Åöáóì
ÇáÏøóåúÑö¡ æóáöÎóáóÝöåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö¡ æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÌóÈúÊõ áóßó Ýöí
ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó¡ æóÈóÇÑóßúÊõ Úóáóíúåö æóßóÈøóÑúÊõåõ æóäóãøóíúÊõåõ
ÌóÏøðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ¡ æóíõæáóÏõ áóåõ ÇËúäóÇ ÚóÔóÑó ÚóÙöíãðÇ¡ æóÃóÌúÚóáõåõ
ÑóÆöíÓðÇ áöÔóÚúÈò ÚóÙöíãò¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóßóáøóãúäóÇ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÈöãóÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö
ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó} [åæÏ: 71] . Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÃóäøóåóÇ ÊóÓúÊóãúÊöÚõ
ÈöæõÌõæÏö æóáóÏöåóÇ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Ëõãøó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö íõæáóÏõ æóáóÏõåõ
íóÚúÞõæÈõ Ãóíú íõæáóÏõ Ýöí ÍóíóÇÊöåöãóÇ áöÊóÞóÑøó ÃóÚúíõäõåõãóÇ
Èöåö. ßóãóÇ ÞóÑøóÊú ÈöæóÇáöÏöåö. æóáóæú áóãú íõÑöÏú åóÐóÇ áóãú
íóßõäú áöÐößúÑö íóÚúÞõæÈó æóÊóÎúÕöíÕö ÇáÊøóäúÕöíÕö Úóáóíúåö ãöäú
Ïõæäö ÓóÇÆöÑö äóÓúáö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÝóÇÆöÏóÉñ¡ æóáóãøóÇ Úõíøöäó
ÈöÇáÐøößúÑö Ïóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú íóÊóãóÊøóÚóÇäö Èöåö æóíõÓóÑøóÇäö
ÈöãóæúáöÏöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÓõÑøóÇ ÈöãóæúáöÏö ÃóÈöíåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö. æóÞóÇáó
ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó ßõáøðÇ åóÏóíúäóÇ}
[ÇáÃäÚÇã: 84] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÚúÊóÒóáóåõãú æóãóÇ
íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäö Çááøóåö æóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó}
[ãÑíã: 49] . æóåóÐóÇ Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÙóÇåöÑñ Þóæöíøñ¡
æóíõÄóíøöÏõåõ ãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÓõáóíúãóÇäó
Èúäö ãöåúÑóÇäó ÇáúÃóÚúãóÔö¡ Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Èúäö íóÒöíÏó
ÇáÊøóíúãöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÐóÑøò ÞóÇáó: «ÞõáúÊõ: íóÇ
ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Ãóíøõ ãóÓúÌöÏò æõÖöÚó Ãóæøóáó¿ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ
ÇáúÍóÑóÇãõ. ÞõáúÊõ: Ëõãøó Ãóíøõ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏõ ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì.
ÞõáúÊõ: ßóãú ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÓóäóÉð.
(1/374)
ÞõáúÊõ: Ëõãøó Ãóíøõ¿ ÞóÇáó: Ëõãøó ÍóíúËõ
ÃóÏúÑóßúÊó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóÕóáøö ÝóßõáøõåóÇ ãóÓúÌöÏñ» . æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö
ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøó íóÚúÞõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÓøóÓó
ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáúÃóÞúÕóì¡ æóåõæó ãóÓúÌöÏõ ÅöíáöíóÇ¡ æóåõæó ãóÓúÌöÏõ
ÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÞúÏöÓö ÔóÑøóÝóåõ Çááøóåõ. æóåóÐóÇ ãõÊøóÌöåñ¡ æóíóÔúåóÏõ
áóåõ ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÏöíËö.
ÝóÚóáóì åóÐóÇ íóßõæäõ ÈöäóÇÁõ íóÚúÞõæÈó¡ æóåõæó ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáõ
Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÈóÚúÏó ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúÎóáöíáö æóÇÈúäöåö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó
ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÇáúÍóÑóÇãó ÈöÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð ÓóæóÇÁð¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó
ÈöäóÇÄõåõãóÇ Ðóáößó ÈóÚúÏó æõÌõæÏö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞóº áöÃóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ áóãøóÇ ÏóÚóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÆöåö ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó
ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏó
ÂãöäðÇ æóÇÌúäõÈúäöí æóÈóäöíøó Ãóäú äóÚúÈõÏó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó ÑóÈøö
Åöäøóåõäøó ÃóÖúáóáúäó ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýóãóäú ÊóÈöÚóäöí
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãöäøöí æóãóäú ÚóÕóÇäöí ÝóÅöäøóßó ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ ÑóÈøóäóÇ
Åöäøöí ÃóÓúßóäúÊõ ãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí ÈöæóÇÏò ÛóíúÑö Ðöí ÒóÑúÚò ÚöäúÏó
ÈóíúÊößó ÇáúãõÍóÑøóãö ÑóÈøóäóÇ áöíõÞöíãõæÇ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉó ÝóÇÌúÚóáú
ÃóÝúÆöÏóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Êóåúæöí Åöáóíúåöãú æóÇÑúÒõÞúåõãú ãöäó
ÇáËøóãóÑóÇÊö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÔúßõÑõæäó ÑóÈøóäóÇ Åöäøóßó ÊóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ
äõÎúÝöí æóãóÇ äõÚúáöäõ æóãóÇ íóÎúÝóì Úóáóì Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ýöí
ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóáóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ áöáøóåö ÇáøóÐöí æóåóÈó áöí
Úóáóì ÇáúßöÈóÑö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí áóÓóãöíÚõ
ÇáÏøõÚóÇÁö ÑóÈøö ÇÌúÚóáúäöí ãõÞöíãó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöí
ÑóÈøóäóÇ æóÊóÞóÈøóáú ÏõÚóÇÁö ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÇÛúÝöÑú áöí æóáöæóÇáöÏóíøó
æóáöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó íóæúãó íóÞõæãõ ÇáúÍöÓóÇÈõ} [ÅÈÑÇåíã: 35]
[Õ: 35] .
(1/375)
æóßóãóÇ ÓóäõæÑöÏõåõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÊöåö
ÝóÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. Ãóäøóåõ ÌóÏøóÏó
ÈöäóÇÁóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó ãöäú Ãóäøó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó
ÓóäóÉð¡ æóáóãú íóÞõáú ÃóÍóÏñ Åöäøó Èóíúäó ÓõáóíúãóÇäó æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð Óöæóì ÇÈúäö ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÊóÞóÇÓöíãöåö
æóÃóäúæóÇÚöåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ áóãú íõæóÇÝóÞú Úóáóíúåö æóáóÇ
ÓõÈöÞó Åöáóíúåö.
(1/376)
[ÐößúÑõ ÈöäóÇÁö ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúÚóÊöíÞö]
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÅöÐú ÈóæøóÃúäóÇ áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãóßóÇäó
ÇáúÈóíúÊö Ãóäú áóÇ ÊõÔúÑößú Èöí ÔóíúÆðÇ æóØóåøöÑú ÈóíúÊöíó
áöáØøóÇÆöÝöíäó æóÇáúÞóÇÆöãöíäó æóÇáÑøõßøóÚö ÇáÓøõÌõæÏö æóÃóÐøöäú Ýöí
ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáúÍóÌøö íóÃúÊõæßó ÑöÌóÇáðÇ æóÚóáóì ßõáøö ÖóÇãöÑò
íóÃúÊöíäó ãöäú ßõáøö ÝóÌøò ÚóãöíÞò} [ÇáÍÌ: 26] . [ÇáúÍóÌøö: 26 - 27]
. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ÈóíúÊò æõÖöÚó áöáäøóÇÓö áóáøóÐöí
ÈöÈóßøóÉó ãõÈóÇÑóßðÇ æóåõÏðì áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó Ýöíåö ÂíóÇÊñ ÈóíøöäóÇÊñ
ãóÞóÇãõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãóäú ÏóÎóáóåõ ßóÇäó ÂãöäðÇ æóáöáøóåö Úóáóì
ÇáäøóÇÓö ÍöÌøõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãóäö ÇÓúÊóØóÇÚó Åöáóíúåö ÓóÈöíáðÇ æóãóäú
ßóÝóÑó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó Ûóäöíøñ Úóäö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 96]
[ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: 124 - 129] . íóÐúßõÑõ
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ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÚóÈúÏöåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö
æóÕóÝöíøöåö æóÎóáöíáöåö¡ ÅöãóÇãö ÇáúÍõäóÝóÇÁö¡ æóæóÇáöÏö
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ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ýöí ÕöÝóÉö ÎóáúÞö ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö Ãóäøó ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉó
ÈöÍöíóÇáö ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúãóÚúãõæÑö ÈöÍóíúËõ Ãóäøóåõ áóæú ÓóÞóØó
áóÓóÞóØó ÚóáóíúåóÇ¡ æóßóÐóáößó ãóÚóÇÈöÏõ ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö ÇáÓøóÈúÚö¡
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö: Åöäøó Ýöí ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò ÈóíúÊðÇ
íóÚúÈõÏõ Çááøóåó Ýöíåö Ãóåúáõ ßõáøö ÓóãóÇÁò æóåõæó ÝöíåóÇ
ßóÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÝóÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ãóäú íóÈúäöíó áóåõ ÈóíúÊðÇ íóßõæäõ
áöÃóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ßóÊöáúßó ÇáúãóÚóÇÈöÏö áöãóáóÇÆößóÉö ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡
æóÃóÑúÔóÏóåõ Çááøóåõ Åöáóì ãóßóÇäö ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÇáúãõåóíøóÃö áóåõ
ÇáúãõÚóíøóäö áöÐóáößó ãõäúÐõ ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó¡ ßóãóÇ
ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö «Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÈóáóÏó ÍóÑøóãóåõ Çááøóåõ
íóæúãó ÎóáóÞó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖó Ýóåõæó ÍóÑóÇãñ ÈöÍõÑúãóÉö
Çááøóåö Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö» . æóáóãú íóÌöÆú Ýöí ÎóÈóÑò
ÕóÍöíÍò Úóäú ãóÚúÕõæãò Ãóäøó ÇáúÈóíúÊó ßóÇäó ãóÈúäöíøðÇ ÞóÈúáó
ÇáúÎóáöíáö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóãóäú ÊóãóÓøóßó Ýöí åóÐóÇ
ÈöÞóæúáöåö: {ãóßóÇäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö} [ÇáÍÌ: 26] ÝóáóíúÓó ÈöäóÇåöÖò æóáóÇ
ÙóÇåöÑòº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ãóßóÇäõåõ ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑõ Ýöí Úöáúãö
Çááøóåö¡ ÇáúãõÞóÏøóÑõ Ýöí ÞóÏóÑöåö¡ ÇáúãõÚóÙøóãõ ÚöäúÏó
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ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ Ãóäøó ÂÏóãó äóÕóÈó Úóáóíúåö ÞõÈøóÉð¡ æóÃóäøó
ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ: ÞóÏú ØõÝúäóÇ ÞóÈúáóßó ÈöåóÐóÇ
ÇáúÈóíúÊö. æóÃóäøó ÇáÓøóÝöíäóÉó ØóÇÝóÊú Èöåö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó íóæúãðÇ
Ãóæú äóÍúæó Ðóáößó¡
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æóáóßöäú ßõáøõ åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö Úóäú
Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÑøóÑúäóÇ ÃóäøóåóÇ áóÇ ÊõÕóÏøóÞõ æóáóÇ
ÊõßóÐøóÈõ ÝóáóÇ íõÍúÊóÌøõ ÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ Åöäú ÑóÏøóåóÇ ÇáúÍóÞøõ
Ýóåöíó ãóÑúÏõæÏóÉñ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ: {Åöäøó Ãóæøóáó ÈóíúÊò
æõÖöÚó áöáäøóÇÓö áóáøóÐöí ÈöÈóßøóÉó ãõÈóÇÑóßðÇ æóåõÏðì
áöáúÚóÇáóãöíäó} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 96] . Ãóíú Ãóæøóáõ ÈóíúÊò æõÖöÚó
áöÚõãõæãö ÇáäøóÇÓö áöáúÈóÑóßóÉö æóÇáúåõÏóì ÇáúÈóíúÊõ ÇáøóÐöí
ÈöÈóßøóÉó Þöíáó: ãóßøóÉõ. æóÞöíáó: ãóÍóáøóÉõ ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö {Ýöíåö
ÂíóÇÊñ ÈóíøöäóÇÊñ} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 97] . Ãóíú Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÈöäóÇÁõ
ÇáúÎóáöíáö æóÇáöÏö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö æóÅöãóÇãö
ÇáúÍõäóÝóÇÁö ãöäú æóáóÏöåö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÞúÊóÏõæäó Èöåö.
æóíóÊóãóÓøóßõæäó ÈöÓõäøóÊöåöº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {ãóÞóÇãõ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 97] Ãóíö: ÇáúÍóÌóÑõ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó íóÞöÝõ
Úóáóíúåö ÞóÇÆöãðÇ áóãøóÇ ÇÑúÊóÝóÚó ÇáúÈöäóÇÁõ Úóäú ÞóÇãóÊöåö
ÝóæóÖóÚó áóåõ æóáóÏõåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÌóÑó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑó áöíóÑúÊóÝöÚó
Úóáóíúåö áóãøóÇ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÇáúÈöäóÇÁõ æóÚóÙõãó ÇáúÝöäóÇÁõ¡ ßóãóÇ
ÊóÞóÏøóãó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÇáØøóæöíáö¡ æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ
ÇáúÍóÌóÑõ ãõáúÕóÞðÇ ÈöÍóÇÆöØö ÇáúßóÚúÈóÉö Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóáóíúåö
ãöäú ÞóÏöíãö ÇáÒøóãóÇäö Åöáóì ÃóíøóÇãö ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö
ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ÝóÃóÎøóÑóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÞóáöíáðÇ áöÆóáøóÇ
íóÔúÛóáó ÇáúãõÕóáøõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõ ÇáØøóÇÆöÝöíäó ÈöÇáúÈóíúÊö¡
æóÇÊøóÈóÚó ÚõãóÑõ Èúäõ ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ Ýöí åóÐóÇ¡
ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÞóÏú æóÇÝóÞóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ Ýöí ÃóÔúíóÇÁó ãöäúåóǺ Ýöí Þóæúáöåö
áöÑóÓõæáöåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: áóæö ÇÊøóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäú
ãóÞóÇãö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãõÕóáøðì. ÝóÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ {æóÇÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ãöäú
ãóÞóÇãö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãõÕóáøðì} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 125] æóÞóÏú ßóÇäóÊú ÂËóÇÑõ
ÞóÏóãóíö ÇáúÎóáöíáö ÈóÇÞöíóÉð Ýöí ÇáÕøóÎúÑóÉö Åöáóì Ãóæøóáö
ÇáúÅöÓúáóÇãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæ ØóÇáöÈò Ýöí ÞóÕöíÏóÊöåö
ÇááøóÇãöíøóÉö ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑóÉö:
æóËóæúÑò æóãóäú ÃóÑúÓóì ËóÈöíÑðÇ ãóßóÇäóåõ ... æóÑóÇÞò áöíóÑúÞóì Ýöí
ÍöÑóÇÁó æóäóÇÒöáö
æóÈöÇáúÈóíúÊö ÍóÞøö ÇáúÈóíúÊö ãöäú ÈóØúäö ãóßøóÉó ... æóÈöÇááøóåö
Åöäøó Çááøóåó áóíúÓó ÈöÛóÇÝöáö
æóÈöÇáúÍóÌóÑö ÇáúãõÓúæóÏøö ÅöÐú íóãúÓóÍõæäóåõ ... ÅöÐóÇ ÇßúÊóäóÝõæåõ
ÈöÇáÖøõÍóì æóÇáúÃóÕóÇÆöáö
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ÍóÇÝöíðÇ ÛóíúÑó äóÇÚöáö
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íóÚúäöí Ãóäøó ÑöÌúáóåõ ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉó
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áóÇ ãõäúÊóÚöáóÉðº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÅöÐú íóÑúÝóÚõ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏó ãöäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ:
127] . Ãóíú Ýöí ÍóÇáö ÞóæúáöåöãóÇ: {ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÊóÞóÈøóáú ãöäøóÇ
Åöäøóßó ÃóäúÊó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 127] . ÝóåõãóÇ Ýöí
ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÅöÎúáóÇÕö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö áöáøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó¡ æóåõãóÇ
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ãöäúåõãóÇ ãóÇ åõãóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáØøóÇÚóÉö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉö æóÇáÓøóÚúíö
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ÚóáóíúäóÇ Åöäøóßó ÃóäúÊó ÇáÊøóæøóÇÈõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 128] .
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ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÍóÑóãðÇ ÂãöäðÇ æóíõÊóÎóØøóÝõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ ãöäú Íóæúáöåöãú}
[ÇáÚäßÈæÊ: 67] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Ãóæóáóãú äõãóßøöäú áóåõãú
ÍóÑóãðÇ ÂãöäðÇ íõÌúÈóì Åöáóíúåö ËóãóÑóÇÊõ ßõáøö ÔóíúÁò ÑöÒúÞðÇ ãöäú
áóÏõäøóÇ} [ÇáÞÕÕ: 57] . æóÓóÃóáó Çááøóåó Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËó Ýöíåöãú
ÑóÓõæáðÇ ãöäúåõãú Ãóíú ãöäú ÌöäúÓöåöãú æóÚóáóì áõÛóÊöåöãõ
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Ýóãöäú Ðóáößó ãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: áóãøóÇ ÃóãóÑó Çááøóåõ
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ãóßóÇäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö} [ÇáÍÌ: 26] . ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛóÇ ÇáúÞóæóÇÚöÏó
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ÊóÑõÏøõåóÇ Úóáóì ÞóæóÇÚöÏö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¿ ÝóÞóÇáó:
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áóæúáóÇ ÍöÏúËóÇäõ Þóæúãößö - æóÝöí
ÑöæóÇíóÉò: áóæúáóÇ Ãóäøó Þóæúãóßö ÍóÏöíËõæ ÚóåúÏò ÈöÌóÇåöáöíøóÉò.
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Úóáóì ãóÇ åöíó Úóáóíúåö Çáúíóæúãó.
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ÇáúßóÑöíãö Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö æóÎóáöíáöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó]
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[ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 124] . áóãøóÇ æóÝøóì ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ Èöåö ãöäó
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ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáúÚóÇãöáõæäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ
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ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö áóãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó} [ÇáÚäßÈæÊ: 27] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì:
{æóæóåóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó ßõáøðÇ åóÏóíúäóÇ æóäõæÍðÇ
åóÏóíúäóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ æóãöäú ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÏóÇæõÏó æóÓõáóíúãóÇäó
æóÃóíøõæÈó æóíõæÓõÝó æóãõæÓóì æóåóÇÑõæäó æóßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí
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ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÇáúíóÓóÚó æóíõæäõÓó æóáõæØðÇ
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Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 84] ÚóÇÆöÏñ Úóáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
Úóáóì ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑö æóáõæØñ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇÈúäó ÃóÎöíåö ÅöáøóÇ
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Ýöí ÞöÕøóÊöåö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
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æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ
äõæÍðÇ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÌóÚóáúäóÇ Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåöãóÇ ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó
æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈó} [ÇáÍÏíÏ: 26] . ÇáúÂíóÉó.
Ýóßõáøõ ßöÊóÇÈò ÃõäúÒöáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Úóáóì äóÈöíøò ãöäó
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ãóÑúíóãó ãöäú Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó.
æóÃóãøóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÝóßóÇäóÊú ãöäúåõ ÇáúÚóÑóÈõ
Úóáóì ÇÎúÊöáóÇÝö ÞóÈóÇÆöáöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÓóäõÈóíøöäõåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏõ
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ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Óöæóì ÎóÇÊóãöåöãú Úóáóì ÇáúÅöØúáóÇÞö æóÓóíøöÏöåöãú¡
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ÇáúåóÇÔöãöíøö Çáúãóßøöíøö Ëõãøó ÇáúãóÏóäöíøö ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö
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ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóíóæúãó íõßúÔóÝõ
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ÇÌúÚóáú Úóáóì ßõáøö ÌóÈóáò ãöäúåõäøó ÌõÒúÁðÇ Ëõãøó ÇÏúÚõåõäøó
íóÃúÊöíäóßó ÓóÚúíðÇ æóÇÚúáóãú Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÚóÒöíÒñ Íóßöíãñ}
[ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 260] . ÐóßóÑó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøõÄóÇáö ÃóÓúÈóÇÈðÇ
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Ýöí ÔöÞóÇÞò ÝóÓóíóßúÝöíßóåõãõ Çááøóåõ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ
ÕöÈúÛóÉó Çááøóåö æóãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÕöÈúÛóÉð æóäóÍúäõ áóåõ
ÚóÇÈöÏõæäó Þõáú ÃóÊõÍóÇÌøõæäóäóÇ Ýöí Çááøóåö æóåõæó ÑóÈøõäóÇ
æóÑóÈøõßõãú æóáóäóÇ ÃóÚúãóÇáõäóÇ æóáóßõãú ÃóÚúãóÇáõßõãú æóäóÍúäõ
áóåõ ãõÎúáöÕõæäó Ãóãú ÊóÞõæáõæäó Åöäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó
æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØó ßóÇäõæÇ åõæÏðÇ Ãóæú äóÕóÇÑóì
Þõáú ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóãö Çááøóåõ æóãóäú ÃóÙúáóãõ ãöãøóäú ßóÊóãó
ÔóåóÇÏóÉð ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóãóÇ Çááøóåõ ÈöÛóÇÝöáò ÚóãøóÇ
ÊóÚúãóáõæäó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 130]
[ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö: 130 - 140] .
(1/387)
ÝóäóÒøóåó Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó Îóáöíáóåõ
Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóäú Ãóäú íóßõæäó íóåõæÏöíøðÇ Ãóæú
äóÕúÑóÇäöíøðÇ¡ æóÈóíøóäó Ãóäøóåõ ÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÍóäöíÝðÇ ãõÓúáöãðÇ
æóáóãú íóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäóº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Åöäøó
Ãóæúáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóáøóÐöíäó ÇÊøóÈóÚõæåõ} [Âá ÚãÑÇä:
68] . íóÚúäöí ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÇäõæÇ Úóáóì ãöáøóÊöåö ãöäú ÃóÊúÈóÇÚöåö Ýöí
ÒóãóÇäöåö æóãóäú ÊóãóÓøóßó ÈöÏöíäöåö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåöãú {æóåóÐóÇ
ÇáäøóÈöíøõ} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 68] íóÚúäöí ãõÍóãøóÏðÇ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ
Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó ÔóÑóÚó áóåõ ÇáÏøöíäó ÇáúÍóäöíÝó
ÇáøóÐöí ÔóÑóÚóåõ áöáúÎóáöíáö æóßóãøóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì áóåõ¡
(1/388)
æóÃóÚúØóÇåõ ãóÇ áóãú íõÚúØö äóÈöíøðÇ
æóáóÇ ÑóÓõæáðÇ ÞóÈúáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Þõáú Åöäøóäöí
åóÏóÇäöí ÑóÈøöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò ÏöíäðÇ ÞöíóãðÇ ãöáøóÉó
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÍóäöíÝðÇ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäó ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó Þõáú Åöäøó
ÕóáóÇÊöí æóäõÓõßöí æóãóÍúíóÇíó æóãóãóÇÊöí áöáøóåö ÑóÈøö
ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ æóÈöÐóáößó ÃõãöÑúÊõ æóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ
ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 161]
[ÇáäøóÍúáö: 120 - 123] .
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èúäõ ãõæÓóì¡
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ åöÔóÇãñ¡ Úóäú ãóÚúãóÑò¡ Úóäú ÃóíøõæÈó¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡
Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò «Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
æóÓóáøóãó áóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÇáÕøõæóÑó Ýöí ÇáúÈóíúÊö áóãú íóÏúÎõáú ÍóÊøóì
ÃóãóÑó ÈöåóÇ ÝóãõÍöíóÊú¡ æóÑóÃóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó
ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãóÇ ÇáúÃóÒúáóÇãõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: ÞóÇÊóáóåõãõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ
Åöäö ÇÓúÊóÞúÓóãóÇ ÈöÇáúÃóÒúáóÇãö ÞóØøõ» . áóãú íõÎúÑöÌúåõ ãõÓúáöãñ¡
æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö ÃóáúÝóÇÙö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøö «ÞóÇÊóáóåõãõ Çááøóåõ áóÞóÏú
ÚóáöãõæÇ Ãóäøó ÔóíúÎóäóÇ áóãú íóÓúÊóÞúÓöãú ÈöåóÇ ÞóØøõ» .
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÃõãøóÉð Ãóíú ÞõÏúæóÉð ÅöãóÇãðÇ ãõåúÊóÏöíðÇ ÏóÇÚöíðÇ Åöáóì
ÇáúÎóíúÑö íõÞúÊóÏóì Èöåö Ýöíåö {ÞóÇäöÊðÇ áöáøóåö} [ÇáäÍá: 120] Ãóíú
ÎóÇÔöÚðÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÍóÇáóÇÊöåö æóÍóÑóßóÇÊöåö æóÓóßóäóÇÊöåö
ÍóäöíÝðÇ Ãóíú ãõÎúáöÕðÇ Úóáóì ÈóÕöíÑóÉò æóáóãú íóßõ ãöäó
ÇáúãõÔúÑößöíäó {ÔóÇßöÑðÇ áöÃóäúÚõãöåö} [ÇáäÍá: 121] . Ãóíú ÞóÇÆöãðÇ
ÈöÔõßúÑö ÑóÈøöåö ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÌóæóÇÑöÍöåö ãöäú ÞóáúÈöåö æóáöÓóÇäöåö
æóÃóÚúãóÇáöåö
(1/389)
ÇÌúÊóÈóÇåõ Ãóíö ÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ Çááøóåõ
áöäóÝúÓöåö æóÇÕúØóÝóÇåõ áöÑöÓóÇáóÊöåö æóÇÊøóÎóÐóåõ ÎóáöíáðÇ¡
æóÌóãóÚó áóåõ Èóíúäó ÎóíúÑóíö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. æóÞóÇáó
ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãóäú ÃóÍúÓóäõ ÏöíäðÇ ãöãøóäú ÃóÓúáóãó æóÌúåóåõ áöáøóåö
æóåõæó ãõÍúÓöäñ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó ãöáøóÉó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÍóäöíÝðÇ æóÇÊøóÎóÐó
Çááøóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÎóáöíáðÇ} [ÇáäÓÇÁ: 125] . íõÑóÛøöÈõ ÊóÚóÇáóì
Ýöí ÇÊøöÈóÇÚö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõº áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó
Úóáóì ÇáÏøöíäö ÇáúÞóæöíãö æóÇáÕøöÑóÇØö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇãó
ÈöÌóãöíÚö ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõ Èöåö ÑóÈøõåõ¡ æóãóÏóÍóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÐóáößó
ÝóÞóÇáó: {æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáøóÐöí æóÝøóì} [ÇáäÌã: 37] . æóáöåóÐóÇ
ÇÊøóÎóÐóåõ Çááøóåõ ÎóáöíáðÇ¡ æóÇáúÎõáøóÉõ åöíó ÛóÇíóÉõ ÇáúãóÍóÈøóÉö¡
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú:
ÞóÏú ÊóÎóáøóáúÊó ãóÓúáóßó ÇáÑøõæÍö ãöäøöí ... æóÈöÐóÇ Óõãøöíó
ÇáúÎóáöíáõ ÎóáöíáðÇ
æóåóßóÐóÇ äóÇáó åóÐöåö ÇáúãóäúÒöáóÉó ÎóÇÊóãõ ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö
æóÓóíøöÏõ ÇáÑøõÓõáöº ãõÍóãøóÏñ ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ
Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ ËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö æóÛóíúÑöåöãóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö
ÌõäúÏóÈò ÇáúÈóÌóáöíøö¡ æóÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ¡ æóÇÈúäö
ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó
Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøó Çááøóåó ÇÊøóÎóÐóäöí
ÎóáöíáðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÎóáöíáðÇ» . æóÞóÇáó ÃóíúÖðÇ
Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÎõØúÈóÉò ÎóØóÈóåóÇ «ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ áóæú ßõäúÊõ
ãõÊøóÎöÐðÇ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÎóáöíáðÇ áóÇÊøóÎóÐúÊõ ÃóÈóÇ ÈóßúÑò
ÎóáöíáðÇ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÕóÇÍöÈóßõãú Îóáöíáõ Çááøóåö» . ÃóÎúÑóÌóÇåõ ãöäú
ÍóÏöíËö ÃóÈöí ÓóÚöíÏò¡ æóËóÈóÊó ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö
Èúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ æóÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò.
(1/390)
æóÑóæóì ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö¡
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÍóÑúÈò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÔõÚúÈóÉõ¡ Úóäú
ÍóÈöíÈö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ËóÇÈöÊò¡ Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑöæ
Èúäö ãóíúãõæäò ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó ãõÚóÇÐðÇ áóãøóÇ ÞóÏöãó Çáúíóãóäó Õóáøóì
Èöåöãõ ÇáÕøõÈúÍó ÝóÞóÑóÃó: {æóÇÊøóÎóÐó Çááøóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
ÎóáöíáðÇ} [ÇáäÓÇÁ: 125] . ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÞóæúãö: áóÞóÏú
ÞóÑøóÊú Úóíúäõ Ãõãøö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» . æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúÏóæóíúåö:
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãö Èúäõ ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ãõÓúáöãò¡
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Èúäõ ÃóÍúãóÏó Èúäö ÃõÓóíúÏò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Èúäõ íóÚúÞõæÈó ÇáúÌõæÒúÌóÇäöíøõ ÈöãóßøóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ
ÚóÈúÏõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóäóÝöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÒóãúÚóÉõ Èúäõ ÕóÇáöÍò¡ Úóäú
ÓóáóãóÉó Èúäö æóåúÑóÇãò¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó:
«ÌóáóÓó äóÇÓñ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
æóÓóáøóãó íóäúÊóÙöÑõæäóåõ ÝóÎóÑóÌó ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÏóäóÇ ãöäúåõãú
ÓóãöÚóåõãú íóÊóÐóÇßóÑõæäó ÝóÓóãöÚó ÍóÏöíËóåõãú¡ æóÅöÐóÇ ÈóÚúÖõåõãú
íóÞõæáõ: ÚóÌóÈñ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÇÊøóÎóÐó ãöäú ÎóáúÞöåö ÎóáöíáðÇ¡
ÝóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Îóáöíáõåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõ: ãóÇÐóÇ ÈöÃóÚúÌóÈó ãöäú
Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ßóáøóãó ãõæÓóì ÊóßúáöíãðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõ: ÝóÚöíÓóì
ÑõæÍõ Çááøóåö æóßóáöãóÊõåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõ: ÂÏóãõ ÇÕúØóÝóÇåõ Çááøóåõ.
ÝóÎóÑóÌó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÝóÓóáøóãó. æóÞóÇáó: ÞóÏú ÓóãöÚúÊõ ßóáóÇãóßõãú¡
æóÚóÌóÈóßõãú Ãóäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Îóáöíáõ Çááøóåö æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó¡
æóãõæÓóì ßóáöíãõåõ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÚöíÓóì ÑõæÍõåõ æóßóáöãóÊõåõ
æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó¡ æóÂÏóãõ ÇÕúØóÝóÇåõ Çááøóåõ æóåõæó ßóÐóáößó ÃóáóÇ
æóÅöäøöí ÍóÈöíÈõ Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÎúÑó¡ ÃóáóÇ æóÅöäøöí Ãóæøóáõ
ÔóÇÝöÚò æóÃóæøóáõ ãõÔóÝøóÚò¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÎúÑó¡ æóÃóäóÇ Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú
íõÍóÑøößõ ÍóáúÞóÉó ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÝóíóÝúÊóÍõåõ Çááøóåõ
ÝóíõÏúÎöáõäöíåóÇ æóãóÚöí ÝõÞóÑóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÃóßúÑóãõ
ÇáúÃóæøóáöíäó æóÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö¡ æóáóÇ ÝóÎúÑó» .
åóÐóÇ ÍóÏöíËñ ÛóÑöíÈñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ æóáóåõ ÔóæóÇåöÏõ ãöäú
æõÌõæåò ÃõÎóÑó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
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æóÑóæóì ÇáúÍóÇßöãõ Ýöí ãõÓúÊóÏúÑóßöåö
ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó:
«ÃóÊõäúßöÑõæäó Ãóäú Êóßõæäó ÇáúÎõáøóÉõ áöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóÇáúßóáóÇãõ
áöãõæÓóì¡ æóÇáÑøõÄúíóÉõ áöãõÍóãøóÏò ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ
Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó» . æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ
ÃóÈöí¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãóÍúãõæÏõ Èúäõ ÎóÇáöÏò ÇáúÓøõáóãöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ
ÇáúæóáöíÏõ¡ Úóäú ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Èúäö íóÓóÇÑò ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ÇÊøóÎóÐó
Çááøóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÎóáöíáðÇ ÃóáúÞóì Ýöí ÞóáúÈöåö ÇáúæóÌóáó ÍóÊøóì
Åöäú ßóÇäó ÎóÝóÞóÇäõ ÞóáúÈöåö áóíõÓúãóÚõ ãöäú ÈõÚúÏò¡ ßóãóÇ íõÓúãóÚõ
ÎóÝóÞóÇäõ ÇáØøóíúÑö Ýöí ÇáúåóæóÇÁö. æóÞóÇáó ÚõÈóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÚõãóíúÑò:
ßóÇäó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ íõÖöíÝõ ÇáäøóÇÓó¡ ÝóÎóÑóÌó
íóæúãðÇ íóáúÊóãöÓõ ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ íõÖöíÝõåõ Ýóáóãú íóÌöÏú ÃóÍóÏðÇ
íõÖöíÝõåõ¡ ÝóÑóÌóÚó Åöáóì ÏóÇÑöåö ÝóæóÌóÏó ÝöíåóÇ ÑóÌõáðÇ ÞóÇÆöãðÇ¡
ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö ãóÇ ÃóÏúÎóáóßó ÏóÇÑöí ÈöÛóíúÑö ÅöÐúäöí¿
ÞóÇáó: ÏóÎóáúÊõåóÇ ÈöÅöÐúäö ÑóÈøöåóÇ. ÞóÇáó: æóãóäú ÃóäúÊó¿ ÞóÇáó:
ÃóäóÇ ãóáóßõ ÇáúãóæúÊö ÃóÑúÓóáóäöí ÑóÈøöí Åöáóì ÚóÈúÏò ãöäú
ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÃõÈóÔøöÑõåõ ÈöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÞóÏö ÇÊøóÎóÐóåõ ÎóáöíáðÇ.
ÞóÇáó: ãóäú åõæó¡ ÝóæóÇááøóåö Åöäú ÃóÎúÈóÑúÊóäöí Èöåö¡ Ëõãøó ßóÇäó
ÈöÃóÞúÕóì ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö áóÂÊöíóäøóåõ¡ Ëõãøó áóÇ ÃóÈúÑóÍõ áóåõ ÌóÇÑðÇ
ÍóÊøóì íõÝóÑøöÞó ÈóíúäóäóÇ ÇáúãóæúÊõ. ÞóÇáó: Ðóáößó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ
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ÑóÈøöí ÎóáöíáðÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÈöÃóäøóßó ÊõÚúØöí ÇáäøóÇÓó æóáóÇ
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ÇáúÈóÞóÑóÉö æóÍúÏóåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÃóÍóÏõ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÚóÒúãö ÇáúÎóãúÓóÉö
ÇáúãóäúÕõæÕö Úóáóì ÃóÓúãóÇÆöåöãú
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æóãöäúßó æóãöäú äõæÍò æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóãõæÓóì æóÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäö
ãóÑúíóãó æóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ãöäúåõãú ãöíËóÇÞðÇ ÛóáöíÙðÇ} [ÇáÃÍÒÇÈ: 7] .
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[ÇáÔæÑì: 13] . ÇáúÂíóÉó¡ Ëõãøó åõæó ÃóÔúÑóÝõ Ãõæáöí ÇáúÚóÒúãö ÈóÚúÏó
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Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÇÈöÚóÉö ãõÓúäöÏðÇ ÙóåúÑóåõ
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Úóáóíúßó ÞóÏú ÚóÑóÝúäóÇåõ¡ ÝóßóíúÝó ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ Úóáóíúßó¿ ÞóÇáó:
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ÍóãöíÏñ ãóÌöíÏñ¡ æóÈóÇÑößú Úóáóì ãõÍóãøóÏò æóÚóáóì Âáö ãõÍóãøóÏò¡
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ÍóãöíÏñ ãóÌöíÏñ» .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáøóÐöí æóÝøóì} [ÇáäÌã: 37] .
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ÇáúÅöíãóÇäö æóÔõÚóÈöåö¡ æóßóÇäó áóÇ íóÔúÛóáõåõ ãõÑóÇÚóÇÉõ ÇáúÃóãúÑö
ÇáúÌóáöíáö Úóäö ÇáúÞöíóÇãö ÈöãóÕúáóÍóÉö ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúÞóáöíáö¡ æóáóÇ
íõäúÓöíåö ÇáúÞöíóÇãõ ÈöÃóÚúÈóÇÁö ÇáúãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúßöÈóÇÑö Úóäö
ÇáÕøöÛóÇÑö ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö: ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ãóÚúãóÑñ¡ Úóäö
ÇÈúäö ØóÇæõÓò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò {æóÅöÐö ÇÈúÊóáóì
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÑóÈøõåõ ÈößóáöãóÇÊò ÝóÃóÊóãøóåõäøó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 124] .
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æóÇáúÈóæúáö ÈöÇáúãóÇÁö. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò. æóÞóÇáó:
æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏò¡
æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ æóÇáäøóÎóÚöíøö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÕóÇáöÍò¡ æóÃóÈöí ÇáúÌóáúÏö
äóÍúæõ Ðóáößó. ÞõáúÊõ: æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡
Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó:
«ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉõ ÎóãúÓñº ÇáúÎöÊóÇäõ¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöÍúÏóÇÏõ¡ æóÞóÕøõ
ÇáÔøóÇÑöÈö¡ æóÊóÞúáöíãõ ÇáúÃóÙúÝóÇÑö¡ æóäóÊúÝõ ÇáúÅöÈöØö» . æóÝöí
ÕóÍöíÍö ãõÓúáöãò¡ æóÃóåúáö ÇáÓøõäóäö ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö æóßöíÚò¡ Úóäú
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ÇáúÚóäóÒöíøö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ Úóäú ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó
ÞóÇáóÊú: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:
«ÚóÔúÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÝöØúÑóÉöº ÞóÕøõ ÇáÔøóÇÑöÈö¡ æóÅöÚúÝóÇÁõ ÇááøöÍúíóÉö¡
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ÈóÏóäöåö¡ æóÅöÚúØóÇÁö ßõáøö ÚõÖúæò ãóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõåõ ãöäó
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Þóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÍóÞøöåö ãöäó ÇáúãóÏúÍö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö
{æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáøóÐöí æóÝøóì} [ÇáäÌã: 37] .
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ÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ
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áöÎóáöíáöåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ äõÒõáðÇ» . ÞóÇáó
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ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ]
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íõæäõÓõ¡ æóÍõÌóíúäñ ÞóÇáóÇ:
ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇááøóíúËõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøõÈóíúÑö¡ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò¡ Úóäú
ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó:
«ÚõÑöÖó Úóáóíøó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁõº ÝóÅöÐóÇ ãõæÓóì ÖóÑúÈñ ãöäó
ÇáÑøöÌóÇáö ßóÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÑöÌóÇáö ÔóäõæÁóÉó¡ æóÑóÃóíúÊõ ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäó
ãóÑúíóãó ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãóäú ÑóÃóíúÊõ Èöåö ÔóÈóåðÇ ÚõÑúæóÉõ Èúäõ
ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÑóÃóíúÊõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ãóäú ÑóÃóíúÊõ
Èöåö ÔóÈóåðÇ ÕóÇÍöÈõßõãú íóÚúäöí äóÝúÓóåõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
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Çááøóåö Èúäö Úóæúäò Èöåö.
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æóáöåóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÞöÕøóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ
ãóæúÖöÚò ãöäú ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúãõÈöíäö ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö
ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö: {æóáõæØðÇ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö ÃóÊóÃúÊõæäó
ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉó ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞóßõãú ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó}
[ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 80] {Åöäøóßõãú áóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó ÔóåúæóÉð ãöäú Ïõæäö
ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Èóáú ÃóäúÊõãú Þóæúãñ ãõÓúÑöÝõæäó - æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÌóæóÇÈó
Þóæúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÎúÑöÌõæåõãú ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊößõãú
Åöäøóåõãú ÃõäóÇÓñ íóÊóØóåøóÑõæäó - ÝóÃóäúÌóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ÅöáøóÇ
ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ßóÇäóÊú ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÈöÑöíäó - æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú
ãóØóÑðÇ ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáúãõÌúÑöãöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ:
81 - 84]
[ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö: 80 - 84] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò:
(1/409)
{æóáóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
ÈöÇáúÈõÔúÑóì ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ ÞóÇáó ÓóáóÇãñ ÝóãóÇ áóÈöËó Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó
ÈöÚöÌúáò ÍóäöíÐò ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÃóíúÏöíóåõãú áóÇ ÊóÕöáõ Åöáóíúåö
äóßöÑóåõãú æóÃóæúÌóÓó ãöäúåõãú ÎöíÝóÉð ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÎóÝú ÅöäøóÇ
ÃõÑúÓöáúäóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãö áõæØò æóÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ ÞóÇÆöãóÉñ ÝóÖóÍößóÊú
ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÈöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÚúÞõæÈó
ÞóÇáóÊú íóÇæóíúáóÊóì ÃóÃóáöÏõ æóÃóäóÇ ÚóÌõæÒñ æóåóÐóÇ ÈóÚúáöí
ÔóíúÎðÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ áóÔóíúÁñ ÚóÌöíÈñ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÊóÚúÌóÈöíäó ãöäú
ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö æóÈóÑóßóÇÊõåõ Úóáóíúßõãú Ãóåúáó
ÇáúÈóíúÊö Åöäøóåõ ÍóãöíÏñ ãóÌöíÏñ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÐóåóÈó Úóäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó
ÇáÑøóæúÚõ æóÌóÇÁóÊúåõ ÇáúÈõÔúÑóì íõÌóÇÏöáõäóÇ Ýöí Þóæúãö áõæØò Åöäøó
ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó áóÍóáöíãñ ÃóæøóÇåñ ãõäöíÈñ íóÇÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÃóÚúÑöÖú
Úóäú åóÐóÇ Åöäøóåõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõ ÑóÈøößó æóÅöäøóåõãú ÂÊöíåöãú
ÚóÐóÇÈñ ÛóíúÑõ ãóÑúÏõæÏò æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõäóÇ áõæØðÇ ÓöíÁó
Èöåöãú æóÖóÇÞó Èöåöãú ÐóÑúÚðÇ æóÞóÇáó åóÐóÇ íóæúãñ ÚóÕöíÈñ æóÌóÇÁóåõ
Þóæúãõåõ íõåúÑóÚõæäó Åöáóíúåö æóãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó
ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö ÞóÇáó íóÇÞóæúãö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÈóäóÇÊöí åõäøó ÃóØúåóÑõ
áóßõãú ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÒõæäöí Ýöí ÖóíúÝöí ÃóáóíúÓó
ãöäúßõãú ÑóÌõáñ ÑóÔöíÏñ ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ áóäóÇ Ýöí
ÈóäóÇÊößó ãöäú ÍóÞøò æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ äõÑöíÏõ ÞóÇáó áóæú
Ãóäøó áöí Èößõãú ÞõæøóÉð Ãóæú Âæöí Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò ÞóÇáõæÇ
íóÇáõæØõ ÅöäøóÇ ÑõÓõáõ ÑóÈøößó áóäú íóÕöáõæÇ Åöáóíúßó ÝóÃóÓúÑö
ÈöÃóåúáößó ÈöÞöØúÚò ãöäó Çááøóíúáö æóáóÇ íóáúÊóÝöÊú ãöäúßõãú ÃóÍóÏñ
ÅöáøóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóßó Åöäøóåõ ãõÕöíÈõåóÇ ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõãú Åöäøó
ãóæúÚöÏóåõãõ ÇáÕøõÈúÍõ ÃóáóíúÓó ÇáÕøõÈúÍõ ÈöÞóÑöíÈò ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó
ÃóãúÑõäóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ
ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò ãóäúÖõæÏò ãõÓóæøóãóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó æóãóÇ
åöíó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò} [åæÏ: 69]
[åõæÏò: 69 - 83] .
(1/410)
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÍöÌúÑö:
{æóäóÈøöÆúåõãú Úóäú ÖóíúÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 51] ÅöÐú {ÏóÎóáõæÇ
Úóáóíúåö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóáóÇãðÇ ÞóÇáó ÅöäøóÇ ãöäúßõãú æóÌöáõæäó -
ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóæúÌóáú ÅöäøóÇ äõÈóÔøöÑõßó ÈöÛõáóÇãò Úóáöíãò - ÞóÇáó
ÃóÈóÔøóÑúÊõãõæäöí Úóáóì Ãóäú ãóÓøóäöíó ÇáúßöÈóÑõ ÝóÈöãó ÊõÈóÔøöÑõæäó
- ÞóÇáõæÇ ÈóÔøóÑúäóÇßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö ÝóáóÇ Êóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇäöØöíäó -
ÞóÇáó æóãóäú íóÞúäóØõ ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÉö ÑóÈøöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáÖøóÇáøõæäó -
ÞóÇáó ÝóãóÇ ÎóØúÈõßõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó - ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ
ÃõÑúÓöáúäóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãò ãõÌúÑöãöíäó - ÅöáøóÇ Âáó áõæØò ÅöäøóÇ
áóãõäóÌøõæåõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó - ÅöáøóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇ ÅöäøóåóÇ
áóãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÈöÑöíäó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 52 - 60] {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó Âáó áõæØò
ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó - ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßõãú Þóæúãñ ãõäúßóÑõæäó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 61 -
62] {ÞóÇáõæÇ Èóáú ÌöÆúäóÇßó ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ Ýöíåö íóãúÊóÑõæäó -
æóÃóÊóíúäóÇßó ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÅöäøóÇ áóÕóÇÏöÞõæäó - ÝóÃóÓúÑö ÈöÃóåúáößó
ÈöÞöØúÚò ãöäó Çááøóíúáö æóÇÊøóÈöÚú ÃóÏúÈóÇÑóåõãú æóáóÇ íóáúÊóÝöÊú
ãöäúßõãú ÃóÍóÏñ æóÇãúÖõæÇ ÍóíúËõ ÊõÄúãóÑõæäó - æóÞóÖóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö
Ðóáößó ÇáúÃóãúÑó Ãóäøó ÏóÇÈöÑó åóÄõáóÇÁö ãóÞúØõæÚñ ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó -
æóÌóÇÁó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó - ÞóÇáó Åöäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö
ÖóíúÝöí ÝóáóÇ ÊóÝúÖóÍõæäö - æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÒõæäö -
ÞóÇáõæÇ Ãóæóáóãú äóäúåóßó Úóäö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó - ÞóÇáó åóÄõáóÇÁö
ÈóäóÇÊöí Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÝóÇÚöáöíäó - áóÚóãúÑõßó Åöäøóåõãú áóÝöí
ÓóßúÑóÊöåöãú íóÚúãóåõæäó - ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ãõÔúÑöÞöíäó -
ÝóÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð
ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò - Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò áöáúãõÊóæóÓøöãöíäó -
æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÈöÓóÈöíáò ãõÞöíãò - Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð
áöáúãõÄúãöäöíäó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 63 - 77]
[ÇáúÍöÌúÑö: 51 - 77] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö:
(1/410)
{ßóÐøóÈóÊú Þóæúãõ áõæØò ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó -
ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÃóÎõæåõãú áõæØñ ÃóáóÇ ÊóÊøóÞõæäó} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 160 -
161] {Åöäøöí áóßõãú ÑóÓõæáñ Ãóãöíäñ - ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó
æóÃóØöíÚõæäö - æóãóÇ ÃóÓúÃóáõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÃóÌúÑò Åöäú ÃóÌúÑöíó
ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó - ÃóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáÐøõßúÑóÇäó ãöäó
ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó - æóÊóÐóÑõæäó ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ãöäú
ÃóÒúæóÇÌößõãú Èóáú ÃóäúÊõãú Þóæúãñ ÚóÇÏõæäó - ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÆöäú áóãú
ÊóäúÊóåö íóÇ áõæØõ áóÊóßõæäóäøó ãöäó ÇáúãõÎúÑóÌöíäó - ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí
áöÚóãóáößõãú ãöäó ÇáúÞóÇáöíäó - ÑóÈøö äóÌøöäöí æóÃóåúáöí ãöãøóÇ
íóÚúãóáõæäó - ÝóäóÌøóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó - ÅöáøóÇ
ÚóÌõæÒðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÛóÇÈöÑöíäó - Ëõãøó ÏóãøóÑúäóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑöíäó -
æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóØóÑðÇ ÝóÓóÇÁó ãóØóÑõ ÇáúãõäúÐóÑöíäó -
Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó -
æóÅöäøó ÑóÈøóßó áóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 107 - 175]
[ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö: 160 - 175] .
(1/411)
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö Çáäøóãúáö:
{æóáõæØðÇ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö ÃóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉó æóÃóäúÊõãú
ÊõÈúÕöÑõæäó ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó ÔóåúæóÉð ãöäú Ïõæäö
ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö Èóáú ÃóäúÊõãú Þóæúãñ ÊóÌúåóáõæäó ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÌóæóÇÈó
Þóæúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÎúÑöÌõæÇ Âáó áõæØò ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊößõãú
Åöäøóåõãú ÃõäóÇÓñ íóÊóØóåøóÑõæäó ÝóÃóäúÌóíúäóÇåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ÅöáøóÇ
ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÞóÏøóÑúäóÇåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÈöÑöíäó æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ
Úóáóíúåöãú ãóØóÑðÇ ÝóÓóÇÁó ãóØóÑõ ÇáúãõäúÐóÑöíäó} [Çáäãá: 54]
[Çáäøóãúáö 54 - 58] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö:
(1/411)
{æóáõæØðÇ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö Åöäøóßõãú
áóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉó ãóÇ ÓóÈóÞóßõãú ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÃóÍóÏò ãöäó
ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÃóÆöäøóßõãú áóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáÑøöÌóÇáó æóÊóÞúØóÚõæäó
ÇáÓøóÈöíáó æóÊóÃúÊõæäó Ýöí äóÇÏöíßõãõ ÇáúãõäúßóÑó ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó
ÌóæóÇÈó Þóæúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÞóÇáõæÇ ÇÆúÊöäóÇ ÈöÚóÐóÇÈö Çááøóåö Åöäú
ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇäúÕõÑúäöí Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúãö
ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÈöÇáúÈõÔúÑóì
ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ãõåúáößõæ Ãóåúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉö Åöäøó ÃóåúáóåóÇ
ßóÇäõæÇ ÙóÇáöãöíäó ÞóÇáó Åöäøó ÝöíåóÇ áõæØðÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÍúäõ ÃóÚúáóãõ
Èöãóäú ÝöíåóÇ áóäõäóÌøöíóäøóåõ æóÃóåúáóåõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ßóÇäóÊú
ãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÈöÑöíäó æóáóãøóÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁóÊú ÑõÓõáõäóÇ áõæØðÇ ÓöíÁó
Èöåöãú æóÖóÇÞó Èöåöãú ÐóÑúÚðÇ æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóÇ ÊóÎóÝú æóáóÇ ÊóÍúÒóäú
ÅöäøóÇ ãõäóÌøõæßó æóÃóåúáóßó ÅöáøóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóßó ßóÇäóÊú ãöäó
ÇáúÛóÇÈöÑöíäó ÅöäøóÇ ãõäúÒöáõæäó Úóáóì Ãóåúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉö
ÑöÌúÒðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÝúÓõÞõæäó æóáóÞóÏú ÊóÑóßúäóÇ
ãöäúåóÇ ÂíóÉð ÈóíøöäóÉð áöÞóæúãò íóÚúÞöáõæäó} [ÇáÚäßÈæÊ: 28]
[ÇáÕøóÇÝøóÇÊö: 133 - 138] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö
ÈóÚúÏó ÞöÕøóÉö ÖóíúÝö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÈöÔóÇÑóÊöåöãú ÅöíøóÇåõ
ÈöÛõáóÇãò Úóáöíãò: {ÞóÇáó ÝóãóÇ ÎóØúÈõßõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúãõÑúÓóáõæäó
ÞóÇáõæÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÃõÑúÓöáúäóÇ Åöáóì Þóæúãò ãõÌúÑöãöíäó áöäõÑúÓöáó
Úóáóíúåöãú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú Øöíäò ãõÓóæøóãóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó
áöáúãõÓúÑöÝöíäó ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó
ÝóãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÈóíúÊò ãöäó ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ
ÝöíåóÇ ÂíóÉð áöáøóÐöíäó íóÎóÇÝõæäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó} [ÇáÐÇÑíÇÊ:
31] {ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÑúÓóáúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÍóÇÕöÈðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Âáó áõæØò
äóÌøóíúäóÇåõãú ÈöÓóÍóÑò - äöÚúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí
ãóäú ÔóßóÑó - æóáóÞóÏú ÃóäúÐóÑóåõãú ÈóØúÔóÊóäóÇ ÝóÊóãóÇÑóæúÇ
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ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÍóÊøóì ÂÊöíóßõãú. ÝóÑöÞóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäú ÞóæúãöåóÇ¡
ÝóÃóÊóÊú ÃóÈóÇåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: íóÇ ÃóÈóÊóÇåõ ÃóÑóÇÏóßó ÝöÊúíóÇäñ Úóáóì
ÈóÇÈö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö¡ ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ æõÌõæåó Þóæúãò ÞóØøõ åöíó ÃóÍúÓóäó
ãöäúåõãú¡ áóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõåõãú Þóæúãõßó ÝóíóÝúÖóÍõæåõãú. æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó
Þóæúãõåõ äóåóæúåõ Ãóäú íõÖöíÝó ÑóÌõáðÇ¡ ÝóÌóÇÁó Èöåöãú¡ Ýóáóãú
íóÚúáóãú ÃóÍóÏñ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÈóíúÊö¡ ÝóÎóÑóÌóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÊõåõ
ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóÊú ÞóæúãóåóÇ ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: Åöäøó Ýöí ÈóíúÊö áõæØò ÑöÌóÇáðÇ
ãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõ ãöËúáó æõÌõæåöåöãú ÞóØøõ. ÝóÌóÇÁóåõ Þóæúãõåõ
íõåúÑóÚõæäó Åöáóíúåö.
(1/416)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ßóÇäõæÇ
íóÚúãóáõæäó ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÇÊö} [åæÏ: 78] . Ãóíú åóÐóÇ ãóÚó ãóÇ ÓóáóÝó
áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÐøõäõæÈö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉö ÇáúßóÈöíÑóÉö ÇáúßóËöíÑóÉö {ÞóÇáó
íóÇ Þóæúãö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÈóäóÇÊöí åõäøó ÃóØúåóÑõ áóßõãú} [åæÏ: 78] .
íõÑúÔöÏõåõãú Åöáóì ÛöÔúíóÇäö äöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ æóåõäøó ÈóäóÇÊõåõ ÔóÑúÚðǺ
áöÃóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó áöáúÃõãøóÉö ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúæóÇáöÏö¡ ßóãóÇ æóÑóÏó
Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö¡ æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Ãóæúáóì
ÈöÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ãöäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú æóÃóÒúæóÇÌõåõ ÃõãøóåóÇÊõåõãú}
[ÇáÃÍÒÇÈ: 6] . æóÝöí ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÈóÚúÖö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö æóÇáÓøóáóÝö: "
æóåõæó ÃóÈñ áóåõãú ". æóåóÐóÇ ßóÞóæúáöåö: {ÃóÊóÃúÊõæäó ÇáÐøõßúÑóÇäó
ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó æóÊóÐóÑõæäó ãóÇ ÎóáóÞó áóßõãú ÑóÈøõßõãú ãöäú
ÃóÒúæóÇÌößõãú Èóáú ÃóäúÊõãú Þóæúãñ ÚóÇÏõæäó} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 165]
[ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö: 165 - 166] . æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí äóÕøó Úóáóíúåö
ãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÇáÑøóÈöíÚõ Èúäõ ÃóäóÓò¡
æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóåõæó
ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ. æóÇáúÞóæúáõ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÎóØóÃñ ãóÃúÎõæÐñ ãöäú Ãóåúáö
ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö. æóÞóÏú ÊóÕóÍøóÝó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÎúØóÆõæÇ Ýöí
Þóæúáöåöãú: Åöäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ßóÇäõæÇ ÇËúäóíúäö¡ æóÅöäøóåõãú
ÊóÚóÔøóæúÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÎóÈøóØó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýöí åóÐöåö
ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö ÊóÎúÈöíØðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÝóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ ÊõÎúÒõæäö Ýöí ÖóíúÝöí ÃóáóíúÓó
ãöäúßõãú ÑóÌõáñ ÑóÔöíÏñ} [åæÏ: 78] äóåúíñ áóåõãú Úóäú ÊóÚóÇØöí ãóÇ
áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉö¡ æóÔóåóÇÏóÉñ Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ
áóíúÓó Ýöíåöãú ÑóÌõáñ áóåõ ãõÓúßóÉñ¡ æóáóÇ Ýöíåö ÎóíúÑñ¡ Èóáö
ÇáúÌóãöíÚõ ÓõÝóåóÇÁõ ÝóÌóÑóÉñ ÃóÞúæöíóÇÁõ ßóÝóÑóÉñ ÃóÚúÊöíóÇÁõ.
æóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ Ãóäú
íóÓúãóÚõæÇ ãöäúåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáö
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Ãóäú íóÓúÃóáõæåõ Úóäúåõ ÝóÞóÇáó Þóæúãõåõ
Úóáóíúåöãú áóÚúäóÉõ Çááøóåö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö ÇáúãóÌöíÏö ãõÌöíÈöíäó
áöäóÈöíøöåöãú ÝöíãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõãú Èöåö ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáÓøóÏöíÏö:
{áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó ãóÇ áóäóÇ Ýöí ÈóäóÇÊößó ãöäú ÍóÞøò æóÅöäøóßó
áóÊóÚúáóãõ ãóÇ äõÑöíÏõ} [åæÏ: 79] . íóÞõæáõæäó: Úóáóíúåöãú áöÚóÇÆöäõ
Çááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊó íóÇ áõæØõ Åöäøóåõ áóÇ ÃóÑóÈó áóäóÇ Ýöí
äöÓóÇÆöäóÇ¡ æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóÚúáóãõ ãõÑóÇÏóäóÇ¡ æóÛóÑóÖóäóÇ¡ æóÇÌóåõæÇ
ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö ÑóÓõæáóåõãõ ÇáúßóÑöíãó¡ æóáóãú
íóÎóÇÝõæÇ ÓóØúæóÉó ÇáúÚóÙöíãö Ðöí ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÃóáöíãöº æóáöåóÐóÇ
ÞóÇáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: {áóæú Ãóäøó áöí Èößõãú ÞõæøóÉð Ãóæú Âæöí
Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò} [åæÏ: 80] . æóÏøó Ãóäú áóæú ßóÇäó áóåõ Èöåöãú
ÞõæøóÉñ Ãóæú áóåõ ãóäóÚóÉñ¡ æóÚóÔöíÑóÉñ íóäúÕõÑõæäóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú
áöíõÍöáøó Èöåöãú ãóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö Úóáóì åóÐóÇ
ÇáúÎöØóÇÈö¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøõ: Úóäú ÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö
ÇáúãõÓóíøóÈö¡ æóÃóÈöí ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ
«äóÍúäõ ÃóÍóÞøõ ÈöÇáÔøóßøö ãöäú ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó¡ æóíóÑúÍóãõ Çááøóåõ
áõæØðÇ áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó íóÃúæöí Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò¡ æóáóæú áóÈöËúÊõ
Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ãóÇ áóÈöËó íõæÓõÝõ áóÃóÌóÈúÊõ ÇáÏøóÇÚöíó» . æóÑóæóÇåõ
ÃóÈõæ ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö¡ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó. æóÞóÇáó
ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚóáúÞóãóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäú
ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÑóÍúãóÉõ Çááøóåö Úóáóì áõæØò áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó íóÃúæöí
Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò» . íóÚúäöí Çááøóåó ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó «ÝóãóÇ ÈóÚóËó
Çááøóåõ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ãöäú äóÈöíøò ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ËóÑúæóÉò ãöäú Þóæúãöåö» .
æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÌóÇÁó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö íóÓúÊóÈúÔöÑõæäó ÞóÇáó
Åöäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÖóíúÝöí ÝóáóÇ ÊóÝúÖóÍõæäö æóÇÊøóÞõæÇ Çááøóåó æóáóÇ
ÊõÎúÒõæäö ÞóÇáõæÇ Ãóæóáóãú äóäúåóßó Úóäö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó ÞóÇáó
åóÄõáóÇÁö ÈóäóÇÊöí Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÝóÇÚöáöíäó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 67] .
ÝóÃóãóÑóåõãú ÈöÞõÑúÈóÇäö äöÓóÇÆöåöãú¡ æóÍóÐøóÑóåõãõ ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÑóÇÑó
Úóáóì ØóÑöíÞóÊöåöãú æóÓóíøöÆóÇÊöåöãú¡ åóÐóÇ æóåõãú Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÇ
íóäúÊóåõæäó æóáóÇ íóÑúÚóæõæäó¡
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Èóáú ßõáøóãóÇ äóåóÇåõãú íõÈóÇáöÛõæäó Ýöí
ÊóÍúÕöíáö åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáÖøöíÝóÇäö æóíóÍúÑöÕõæäó¡ æóáóãú íóÚúáóãõæÇ ãóÇ
Íóãøó Èöåö ÇáúÞóÏóÑõ ãöãøóÇ åõãú Åöáóíúåö ÕóÇÆöÑõæäó¡ æóÕóÈöíÍóÉó
áóíúáóÊöåöãú ãõäúÊóÞöáõæäóº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÞúÓöãðÇ
ÈöÍóíóÇÉö äóÈöíøöåö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÕóáóæóÇÊõ Çááøóåö æóÓóáóÇãõåõ
Úóáóíúåö: {áóÚóãúÑõßó Åöäøóåõãú áóÝöí ÓóßúÑóÊöåöãú íóÚúãóåõæäó}
[ÇáÍÌÑ: 72] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóÞóÏú ÃóäúÐóÑóåõãú ÈóØúÔóÊóäóÇ
ÝóÊóãóÇÑóæúÇ ÈöÇáäøõÐõÑö æóáóÞóÏú ÑóÇæóÏõæåõ Úóäú ÖóíúÝöåö
ÝóØóãóÓúäóÇ ÃóÚúíõäóåõãú ÝóÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈöí æóäõÐõÑö æóáóÞóÏú
ÕóÈøóÍóåõãú ÈõßúÑóÉð ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÓúÊóÞöÑøñ} [ÇáÞãÑ: 36] . ÐóßóÑó
ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó æóÛóíúÑõåõãú Ãóäøó äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö áõæØðÇ Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÌóÚóáó íõãóÇäöÚõ Þóæúãóåõ ÇáÏøõÎõæáó æóíõÏóÇÝöÚõåõãú¡
æóÇáúÈóÇÈõ ãõÛúáóÞñ¡ æóåõãú íóÑõæãõæäó ÝóÊúÍóåõ æóæõáõæÌóåõ æóåõæó
íóÚöÙõåõãú æóíóäúåóÇåõãú ãöäú æóÑóÇÁö ÇáúÈóÇÈö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÖóÇÞó
ÇáúÃóãúÑõ¡ æóÚóÓõÑó ÇáúÍóÇáõ ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÞóÇáó: {áóæú Ãóäøó áöí Èößõãú
ÞõæøóÉð Ãóæú Âæöí Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò} [åæÏ: 80] . áóÃóÍúáóáúÊõ
Èößõãõ ÇáäøóßóÇáó ÞóÇáóÊö ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ: {íóÇ áõæØõ ÅöäøóÇ ÑõÓõáõ
ÑóÈøößó áóäú íóÕöáõæÇ Åöáóíúßó} [åæÏ: 81] . æóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøó
ÌöÈúÑöíáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÎóÑóÌó Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóÖóÑóÈó æõÌõæåóåõãú
ÎóÝúÞóÉð ÈöØóÑóÝö ÌóäóÇÍöåö ÝóØõãöÓóÊú ÃóÚúíõäõåõãú ÍóÊøóì Þöíáó:
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÛóÇÑóÊú ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö¡ æóáóãú íóÈúÞó áóåóÇ ãóÍóáøñ¡ æóáóÇ
Úóíúäñ¡ æóáóÇ ÃóËóÑñ ÝóÑóÌóÚõæÇ íóÊóÌóÓøóÓõæäó ãóÚó ÇáúÍöíØóÇäö¡
æóíóÊóæóÚøóÏõæäó ÑóÓõæáó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö æóíóÞõæáõæäó: ÅöÐóÇ ßóÇäó
ÇáúÛóÏõ ßóÇäó áóäóÇ æóáóåõ ÔóÃäñ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóÞóÏú
ÑóÇæóÏõæåõ Úóäú ÖóíúÝöåö ÝóØóãóÓúäóÇ ÃóÚúíõäóåõãú ÝóÐõæÞõæÇ ÚóÐóÇÈöí
æóäõÐõÑö æóáóÞóÏú ÕóÈøóÍóåõãú ÈõßúÑóÉð ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÓúÊóÞöÑøñ} [ÇáÞãÑ:
37] . ÝóÐóáößó
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Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÊóÞóÏøóãóÊú Åöáóì
áõæØò Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÂãöÑöíäó áóåõ ÈöÃóäú íóÓúÑöíó åõæó
æóÃóåúáõåõ ãöäú ÂÎöÑö Çááøóíúáö {æóáóÇ íóáúÊóÝöÊú ãöäúßõãú ÃóÍóÏñ}
[åæÏ: 81] íóÚúäöí ÚöäúÏó ÓóãóÇÚö ÕóæúÊö ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö ÅöÐóÇ Íóáøó
ÈöÞóæúãöåö. æóÃóãóÑõæåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÓóíúÑõåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑöåöãú
ßóÇáÓøóÇÞóÉö áóåõãú. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÅöáøóÇ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóßó} [åæÏ: 81]
Úóáóì ÞöÑóÇÁóÉö ÇáäøóÕúÈö íóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãõÓúÊóËúäðì ãöäú
Þóæúáöåö: {ÝóÃóÓúÑö ÈöÃóåúáößó} [åæÏ: 81] ßóÃóäøóåõ íóÞõæáõ: ÅöáøóÇ
ÇãúÑóÃóÊóßó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÓúÑö ÈöåóÇ. æóíóÍúÊóãöáõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöäú
Þóæúáöåö: {æóáóÇ íóáúÊóÝöÊú ãöäúßõãú ÃóÍóÏñ} [åæÏ: 81] ÅöáøóÇ
ÇãúÑóÃóÊóßó Ãóíú ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ÓóÊóáúÊóÝöÊõ ÝóíõÕöíÈõåóÇ ãóÇ
ÃóÕóÇÈóåõãú¡ æóíõÞóæøöí åóÐóÇ ÇáöÇÍúÊöãóÇáó ÞöÑóÇÁóÉõ ÇáÑøóÝúÚö¡
æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÃóæøóáó ÃóÙúåóÑõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõåóíúáöíøõ: æóÇÓúãõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉö áõæØò æóÇáöåóÉõ¡ æóÇÓúãõ
ÇãúÑóÃóÉö äõæÍò æóÇáöÛóÉõ. æóÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ ãõÈóÔøöÑöíäó ÈöåóáóÇßö
åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÈõÛóÇÉö ÇáúÚõÊóÇÉö ÇáúãóáúÚõæäöíäó ÇáäøõÙóÑóÇÁö
æóÇáúÃóÔúÈóÇåö ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÚóáóåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÓóáóÝðÇ áößõáøö ÎóÇÆöäò
ãõÑöíÈò: {Åöäøó ãóæúÚöÏóåõãõ ÇáÕøõÈúÍõ ÃóáóíúÓó ÇáÕøõÈúÍõ ÈöÞóÑöíÈò}
[åæÏ: 81] . ÝóáóãøóÇ ÎóÑóÌó áõæØñ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÈöÃóåúáöåö¡
æóåõãõ ÇÈúäóÊóÇåõ¡ æóáóãú íóÊúÈóÚúåõ ãöäúåõãú ÑóÌõáñ æóÇÍöÏñ¡
æóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÎóÑóÌóÊú ãóÚóåõ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÝóáóãøóÇ ÎóáóÕõæÇ ãöäú ÈöáóÇÏöåöãú æóØóáóÚóÊö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÝóßóÇäó
ÚöäúÏó ÔõÑõæÞöåóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõãú ãöäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ íõÑóÏøõ¡
æóãöäó ÇáúÈóÃúÓö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö ãóÇ áóÇ íõãúßöäõ Ãóäú íõÕóÏøó¡ æóÚöäúÏó
Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøó ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉó ÃóãóÑõæåõ Ãóäú íóÕúÚóÏó Åöáóì
ÑóÃúÓö ÇáúÌóÈóáö ÇáøóÐöí åõäóÇßó ÝóÇÓúÊóÈúÚóÏóåõ¡ æóÓóÃóáó ãöäúåõãú
Ãóäú íóÐúåóÈó Åöáóì ÞóÑúíóÉò ÞóÑöíÈóÉò ãöäúåõãú¡ ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÐúåóÈú
ÝóÅöäøóÇ äóäúÊóÙöÑõßó ÍóÊøóì ÊóÕöíÑó ÅöáóíúåóÇ æóÊóÓúÊóÞöÑøó ÝöíåóÇ
Ëõãøó äõÍöáøó Èöåöãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÝóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÐóåóÈó Åöáóì
ÞóÑúíóÉö ÕõÛóÑó ÇáøóÊöí íóÞõæáõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ: ÛóæúÑõ ÒõÛóÑó. ÝóáóãøóÇ
ÃóÔúÑóÞóÊö ÇáÔøóãúÓõ äóÒóáó Èöåöãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈõ ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ
ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõäóÇ ÌóÚóáúäóÇ ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ
æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò ãóäúÖõæÏò
ãõÓóæøóãóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó æóãóÇ åöíó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò}
[åæÏ: 82] .
(1/420)
ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÇÞúÊóáóÚóåõäøó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ
ÈöØóÑóÝö ÌóäóÇÍöåö ãöäú ÞóÑóÇÑöåöäøó¡ æóßõäøó ÓóÈúÚó ãõÏõäò Èöãóäú
Ýöíåöäøó ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö íõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÑúÈóÚóãöÇÆóÉö
ÃóáúÝö äóÓóãóÉò. æóÞöíáó: ÃóÑúÈóÚóÉõ ÂáóÇÝö ÃóáúÝö äóÓóãóÉò. æóãóÇ
ãóÚóåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö¡ æóãóÇ íóÊúÈóÚõ Êöáúßó ÇáúãõÏõäó ãöäó
ÇáúÃóÑóÇÖöí æóÇáúÃóãóÇßöäö æóÇáúãõÚúÊóãóáóÇÊö¡ ÝóÑóÝóÚó ÇáúÌóãöíÚó
ÍóÊøóì ÈóáóÛó Èöåöäøó ÚóäóÇäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÍóÊøóì ÓóãöÚóÊö
ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉõ ÃóÕúæóÇÊó ÏöíóßóÊöåöãú æóäõÈóÇÍó ßöáóÇÈöåöãú¡ Ëõãøó
ÞóáóÈóåóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÝóÌóÚóáó ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ. ÞóÇáó
ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: ÝóßóÇäó Ãóæøóáó ãóÇ ÓóÞóØó ãöäúåóÇ ÔõÑõÝóÇÊõåóÇ
{æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉð ãöäú ÓöÌøöíáò} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 74] .
æóÇáÓøöÌøöíáõ ÝóÇÑöÓöíøñ ãõÚóÑøóÈñ¡ æóåõæó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ ÇáÕøõáúÈõ
ÇáúÞóæöíøõ ãóäúÖõæÏò Ãóíú íóÊúÈóÚõ ÈóÚúÖõåóÇ ÈóÚúÖðÇ Ýöí äõÒõæáöåóÇ
Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ãõÓóæøóãóÉð Ãóíú ãõÚóáøóãóÉð ãóßúÊõæÈñ
Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÌúÑò ÇÓúãõ ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÇáøóÐöí íóåúÈöØõ Úóáóíúåö
ÝóíóÏúãóÛõåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: {ãõÓóæøóãóÉð ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó
áöáúãõÓúÑöÝöíäó} [ÇáÐÇÑíÇÊ: 34] . æóßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì:
{æóÃóãúØóÑúäóÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóØóÑðÇ ÝóÓóÇÁó ãóØóÑõ ÇáúãõäúÐóÑöíäó}
[ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 173] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇáúãõÄúÊóÝößóÉó Ãóåúæóì
ÝóÛóÔøóÇåóÇ ãóÇ ÛóÔøóì} [ÇáäÌã: 53]
[ÇáäøóÌúãö: 53 - 54] . íóÚúäöí ÞóáóÈóåóÇ ÝóÃóåúæóì ÈöåóÇ ãõäóßøóÓóÉð
ÚóÇáöíóåóÇ ÓóÇÝöáóåóÇ¡ æóÛóÔøóÇåóÇ ÈöãóØóÑò ãöäú ÍöÌóÇÑóÉò ãöäú
ÓöÌøöíáò ãõÊóÊóÇÈöÚóÉò ãõÓóæøóãóÉò ãóÑúÞõæãò Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÌóÑò
ÇÓúãõ ÕóÇÍöÈöåö ÇáøóÐöí ÓóÞóØó Úóáóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÇÖöÑöíäó ãöäúåõãú
Ýöí ÈóáóÏöåöãú æóÇáúÛóÇÆöÈöíäó ÚóäúåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑöíäó
æóÇáäøóÇÒöÍöíäó æóÇáÔøóÇÐøöíäó ãöäúåóÇ.
æóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó ÇãúÑóÃóÉó áõæØò ãóßóËóÊú ãóÚó ÞóæúãöåóÇ¡ æóíõÞóÇáõ:
ÅöäøóåóÇ ÎóÑóÌóÊú ãóÚó ÒóæúÌöåóÇ æóÈöäúÊóíúåóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøóåóÇ áóãøóÇ
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ÞóæúãöåóÇ æóÎóÇáóÝóÊú ÃóãúÑó ÑóÈøöåóÇ ÞóÏöíãðÇ æóÍóÏöíËðÇ¡
(1/421)
æóÞóÇáóÊú: æóÇÞóæúãóÇåú. ÝóÓóÞóØó
ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÍóÌúÑñ ÝóÏóãóÛóåóÇ¡ æóÃóáúÍóÞóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúãöåóÇ ÅöÐú ßóÇäóÊú
Úóáóì Ïöíäöåöãú¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÚóíúäðÇ áóåõãú Úóáóì ãóäú íóßõæäõ ÚöäúÏó
áõæØò ãöäó ÇáÖøöíÝóÇäö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÖóÑóÈó Çááøóåõ
ãóËóáðÇ áöáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ÇöãúÑóÃóÉó äõæÍò æóÇãúÑóÃóÉó áõæØò
ßóÇäóÊóÇ ÊóÍúÊó ÚóÈúÏóíúäö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÕóÇáöÍóíúäö
ÝóÎóÇäóÊóÇåõãóÇ Ýóáóãú íõÛúäöíóÇ ÚóäúåõãóÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÔóíúÆðÇ
æóÞöíáó ÇÏúÎõáóÇ ÇáäøóÇÑó ãóÚó ÇáÏøóÇÎöáöíäó} [ÇáÊÍÑíã: 10] . Ãóíú
ÎóÇäóÊóÇåõãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÏøöíäö Ýóáóãú ÊóÊúÈóÚóÇåõãóÇ Ýöíåö¡ æóáóíúÓó
ÇáúãõÑóÇÏõ ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ßóÇäóÊóÇ Úóáóì ÝóÇÍöÔóÉò ÍóÇÔóÇ æóßóáøóÇ¡
ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÞóÏøöÑõ Úóáóì äóÈöíøò Ãóäú ÊóÈúÛöíó
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ÇáÓøóáóÝö æóÇáúÎóáóÝö: ãóÇ ÈóÛóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ äóÈöíøò ÞóØøõ. æóãóäú
ÞóÇáó ÎöáóÇÝó åóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏó ÃóÎúØóÃó ÎóØóÃð ßóÈöíÑðÇ. ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ
ÊóÚóÇáóì Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÅöÝúßö áóãøóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó ÈóÑóÇÁóÉó Ãõãøö
ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÚóÇÆöÔóÉó ÈöäúÊö ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞö ÒóæúÌö ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö
Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Íöíäó ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÅöÝúßö
ãóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóÚóÇÊóÈó Çááøóåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÃóäøóÈó æóÒóÌóÑó¡
æóæóÚóÙó æóÍóÐøóÑó. æóÞóÇáó ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáó: {ÅöÐú ÊóáóÞøóæúäóåõ
ÈöÃóáúÓöäóÊößõãú æóÊóÞõæáõæäó ÈöÃóÝúæóÇåößõãú ãóÇ áóíúÓó áóßõãú Èöåö
Úöáúãñ æóÊóÍúÓóÈõæäóåõ åóíøöäðÇ æóåõæó ÚöäúÏó Çááøóåö ÚóÙöíãñ
æóáóæúáóÇ ÅöÐú ÓóãöÚúÊõãõæåõ ÞõáúÊõãú ãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóäóÇ Ãóäú
äóÊóßóáøóãó ÈöåóÐóÇ ÓõÈúÍóÇäóßó åóÐóÇ ÈõåúÊóÇäñ ÚóÙöíãñ} [ÇáäæÑ: 15]
. Ãóíú æóãóÇ åóÐöåö ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÉõ ÈöÈóÚöíÏóÉò ãöãøóäú ÃóÔúÈóåóåõãú
Ýöí ÝöÚúáöåöãúº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÐóåóÈó ãóäú ÐóåóÈó ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Åöáóì
Ãóäøó ÇááøóÇÆöØó íõÑúÌóãõ ÓóæóÇÁñ ßóÇäó ãõÍúÕóäðÇ Ãóæú áóÇ¡ äóÕøó
Úóáóíúåö ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ¡ æóÃóÍúãóÏõ Èúäõ ÍóäúÈóáò¡ æóØóÇÆöÝóÉñ
(1/422)
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ÃóíúÖðÇ ÈöãóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ æóÃóåúáõ ÇáÓøõäóäö ãöäú
ÍóÏöíËö ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäú ÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö
ÚóÈøóÇÓò Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó
ÞóÇáó: «ãóäú æóÌóÏúÊõãõæåõ íóÚúãóáõ Úóãóáó Þóæúãö áõæØò ÝóÇÞúÊõáõæÇ
ÇáúÝóÇÚöáó æóÇáúãóÝúÚõæáó Èöåö» . æóÐóåóÈó ÃóÈõæ ÍóäöíÝóÉó Åöáóì
Ãóäøó ÇááøóÇÆöØó íõáúÞóì ãöäú ÔóÇåöÞò¡ æóíõÊúÈóÚõ ÈöÇáúÍöÌóÇÑóÉö¡
ßóãóÇ ÝõÚöáó ÈöÞóæúãö áõæØò áöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãóÇ åöíó ãöäó
ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò} [åæÏ: 83] .
æóÌóÚóáó Çááøóåõ ãóßóÇäó Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö ÈóÍúÑóÉð ãõäúÊöäóÉð áóÇ
íõäúÊóÝóÚõ ÈöãóÇÆöåóÇ¡ æóáóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÍóæúáóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÑóÇÖöí
ÇáúãõÊóÇÎöãóÉö áöÝöäóÇÆöåóÇ áöÑóÏóÇÁóÊöåóÇ æóÏóäóÇÁóÊöåóÇ¡ ÝóÕóÇÑóÊú
ÚöÈúÑóÉð æóãóËõáóÉð¡ æóÚöÙóÉð æóÂíóÉð Úóáóì ÞõÏúÑóÉö Çááøóåö
ÊóÚóÇáóì æóÚóÙóãóÊöåö æóÚöÒøóÊöåö Ýöí ÇäúÊöÞóÇãöåö ãöãøóäú ÎóÇáóÝó
ÃóãúÑóåõ æóßóÐøóÈó ÑõÓõáóåõ¡ æóÇÊøóÈóÚú åóæóÇåõ æóÚóÕóì ãóæúáóÇåõ¡
æóÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì ÑóÍúãóÊöåö ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Ýöí
ÅöäúÌóÇÆöåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú ãöäó ÇáúãõåúáößóÇÊö¡ æóÅöÎúÑóÇÌöåö ÅöíøóÇåõãú
ãöäó ÇáäøõæÑö Åöáóì ÇáÙøõáõãóÇÊö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Åöäøó Ýöí
Ðóáößó áóÂíóÉð æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóÅöäøó ÑóÈøóßó
áóåõæó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 8]
[ÇáúÍöÌúÑö: 73 - 77] . Ãóíú ãóäú äóÙóÑó ÈöÚóíúäö ÇáúÝöÑóÇÓóÉö
æóÇáÊøóæóÓøõãö Ýöíåöãú ßóíúÝó ÛóíøóÑó Çááøóåõ Êöáúßó ÇáúÈöáóÇÏó
æóÃóåúáóåóÇ¿ æóßóíúÝó ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÂåöáóÉð ÚóÇãöÑóÉð
åóÇáößóÉð ÛóÇãöÑóÉð¿ ßóãóÇ Ñóæóì ÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ
ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ «ÇÊøóÞóæúÇ ÝöÑóÇÓóÉó ÇáúãõÄúãöäö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóäúÙõÑõ
ÈöäõæÑö Çááøóåö» . Ëõãøó ÞóÑóÃó: {Åöäøó Ýöí Ðóáößó áóÂíóÇÊò
áöáúãõÊóæóÓøöãöíäó} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 75] .
(1/423)
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóÅöäøóåóÇ áóÈöÓóÈöíáò
ãõÞöíãò} [ÇáÍÌÑ: 76] Ãóíú áóÈöØóÑöíÞò ãóåúíóÚò ãóÓúáõæßò Åöáóì
ÇáúÂäó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: {æóÅöäøóßõãú áóÊóãõÑøõæäó Úóáóíúåöãú
ãõÕúÈöÍöíäó æóÈöÇááøóíúáö ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 137]
[ÇáúÚóäúßóÈõæÊö: 35] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÃóÎúÑóÌúäóÇ ãóäú ßóÇäó
ÝöíåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó ÝóãóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÛóíúÑó ÈóíúÊò ãöäó
ÇáúãõÓúáöãöíäó æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÂíóÉð áöáøóÐöíäó íóÎóÇÝõæäó
ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÃóáöíãó} [ÇáÐÇÑíÇÊ: 35]
[ÇáÐøóÇÑöíóÇÊö: 35 - 37] . Ãóíú ÊóÑóßúäóÇåóÇ ÚöÈúÑóÉð æóÚöÙóÉð
áöãóäú ÎóÇÝó ÚóÐóÇÈó ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö æóÎóÔöíó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäó ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö¡
æóÎóÇÝó ãóÞóÇãó ÑóÈøöåö æóäóåóì ÇáäøóÝúÓó Úóäö Çáúåóæóì ÝóÇäúÒóÌóÑó
Úóäú ãóÍóÇÑöãö Çááøóåö¡ æóÊóÑóßó ãóÚóÇÕöíóåõ æóÎóÇÝó Ãóäú íõÔóÇÈöåó
Þóæúãó áõæØò¡ æóãóäú ÊóÔóÈøóåó ÈöÞóæúãò Ýóåõæó ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÅöäú áóãú
íóßõäú ãöäú ßõáøö æóÌúåò Ýóãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúæõÌõæåöº ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó
ÈóÚúÖõåõãú.
ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóßõæäõæÇ Þóæúãó áõæØò ÈöÚóíúäöåöãú ... ÝóãóÇ Þóæúãõ
áõæØò ãöäúßõãú ÈöÈóÚöíÏö
ÝóÇáúÚóÇÞöáõ ÇááøóÈöíÈõ ÇáúÎóÇÆöÝõ ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ÇáúÝóÇåöãõ
íóãúÊóËöáõ ãóÇ ÃóãóÑóåõ Çááøóåõ Èöåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó¡ æóíóÞúÈóáõ ãóÇ
ÃóÑúÔóÏóåõ Åöáóíúåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ãöäú ÅöÊúíóÇäö ãóÇ ÎõáöÞó áóåõ
ãöäó ÇáÒøóæúÌóÇÊö ÇáúÍóáóÇáö¡ æóÇáúÌóæóÇÑöí ãöäó ÇáÓøóÑóÇÑöíøö
ÐóæóÇÊö ÇáúÌóãóÇáö¡ æóÅöíøóÇåõ Ãóäú íóÊøóÈöÚó ßõáøó ÔóíúØóÇäò
ãóÑöíÏò ÝóíóÍöÞøó Úóáóíúåö ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ¡ æóíóÏúÎõáó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö
ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóãóÇ åöíó ãöäó ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÈöÈóÚöíÏò} [åæÏ: 83] .
(1/424)
[ÞöÕøóÉõ ãóÏúíóäó Þóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò
Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ]
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æóíõØóÝøöÝõæäó ÝöíåöãóÇ íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ÈöÇáÒøóÇÆöÏö¡ æóíóÏúÝóÚõæäó
ÈöÇáäøóÇÞöÕö ÝóÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ Ýöíåöãú ÑóÌõáðÇ ãöäúåõãú¡ æóåõæó
ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö ÔõÚóíúÈñ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÝóÏóÚóÇåõãú Åöáóì
ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ¡ æóäóåóÇåõãú Úóäú
ÊóÚóÇØöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÝóÇÚöíáö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍóÉö ãöäú ÈóÎúÓö ÇáäøóÇÓö
ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú¡ æóÅöÎóÇÝóÊöåöãú áóåõãú Ýöí ÓõÈõáöåöãú
æóØõÑõÞóÇÊöåöãú¡ ÝóÂãóäó Èöåö ÈóÚúÖõåõãú¡ æóßóÝóÑó ÃóßúËóÑõåõãú
ÍóÊøóì ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ Èöåöãõ ÇáúÈóÃúÓó ÇáÔøóÏöíÏó¡ æóåõæó
Çáúæóáöíøõ ÇáúÍóãöíÏõ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÅöáóì ãóÏúíóäó
ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ÞóÇáó íóÇ Þóæúãö ÇÚúÈõÏõæÇ Çááøóåó ãóÇ áóßõãú
ãöäú Åöáóåò ÛóíúÑõåõ ÞóÏú ÌóÇÁóÊúßõãú ÈóíøöäóÉñ ãöäú ÑóÈøößõãú}
[ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 85] . Ãóíú ÏóáóÇáóÉñ æóÍõÌøóÉñ æóÇÖöÍóÉñ¡ æóÈõÑúåóÇäñ
ÞóÇØöÚñ Úóáóì ÕöÏúÞö ãóÇ ÌöÆúÊõßõãú Èöåö. æóÃóäøóåõ ÃóÑúÓóáóäöí¡
æóåõæó ãóÇ ÃóÌúÑóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóì íóÏóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúãõÚúÌöÒóÇÊö
ÇáøóÊöí áóãú ÊõäúÞóáú ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÊóÝúÕöíáðÇ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó åóÐóÇ
ÇááøóÝúÙõ ÞóÏú Ïóáøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÅöÌúãóÇáðÇ.
{ÝóÃóæúÝõæÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÓõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó
ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú æóáóÇ ÊõÝúÓöÏõæÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÕúáóÇÍöåóÇ}
[ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 85] . ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö¡ æóäóåóÇåõãú Úóäö ÇáÙøõáúãö¡
æóÊóæóÚøóÏóåõãú Úóáóì ÎöáóÇÝö Ðóáößó ÝóÞóÇáó:
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{Ðóáößõãú ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú
ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÚõÏõæÇ Èößõáøö ÕöÑóÇØò} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 85] . Ãóíú
ØóÑöíÞò ÊõæÚöÏõæäó Ãóíú ÊóÊóæóÚøóÏõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÃóÎúÐö
ÃóãúæóÇáöåöãú ãöäú ãõßõæÓò æóÛóíúÑö Ðóáößó¡ æóÊõÎöíÝõæäó ÇáÓøõÈõáó
ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑöåö Úóäö ÇáÕøóÍóÇÈóÉö: {æóáóÇ
ÊóÞúÚõÏõæÇ Èößõáøö ÕöÑóÇØò ÊõæÚöÏõæäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 86] . Ãóäøóåõãú
ßóÇäõæÇ íóÃúÎõÐõæäó ÇáúÚõÔõæÑó ãöäú ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáúãóÇÑøóÉö. æóÞóÇáó
ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ Èúäõ ÈöÔúÑò¡ Úóäú ÌõæóíúÈöÑò¡ Úóäö ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö
ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäõæÇ ÞóæúãðÇ ØõÛóÇÉð ÈõÛóÇÉð íóÌúáöÓõæäó Úóáóì
ÇáØøóÑöíÞö íóÈúÎóÓõæäó ÇáäøóÇÓó íóÚúäöí íóÚúÔõÑõæäóåõãú¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ
Ãóæøóáó ãóäú Óóäøó Ðóáößó {æóÊóÕõÏøõæäó Úóäú ÓóÈöíáö Çááøóåö ãóäú
Âãóäó Èöåö æóÊóÈúÛõæäóåóÇ ÚöæóÌðÇ} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 86] . ÝóäóåóÇåõãú Úóäú
ÞóØúÚö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ÇáúÍöÓøöíøóÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóæöíøóÉö æóÇáúãóÚúäóæöíøóÉö
ÇáÏøöíäöíøóÉö {æóÇÐúßõÑõæÇ ÅöÐú ßõäúÊõãú ÞóáöíáðÇ ÝóßóËøóÑóßõãú
æóÇäúÙõÑõæÇ ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáúãõÝúÓöÏöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 86] .
ÐóßøóÑóåõãú ÈöäöÚúãóÉö Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí ÊóßúËöíÑöåöãú
ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÞöáøóÉö¡ æóÍóÐøóÑóåõãú äöÞúãóÉó Çááøóåö Èöåöãú Åöäú
ÎóÇáóÝõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóÑúÔóÏóåõãú Åöáóíúåö æóÏóáøóåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ ßóãóÇ
ÞóÇáó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì: {æóáóÇ ÊóäúÞõÕõæÇ
ÇáúãößúíóÇáó æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó Åöäøöí ÃóÑóÇßõãú ÈöÎóíúÑò æóÅöäøöí
ÃóÎóÇÝõ Úóáóíúßõãú ÚóÐóÇÈó íóæúãò ãõÍöíØò} [åæÏ: 84] . Ãóíú áóÇ
ÊóÑúßóÈõæÇ ãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú Úóáóíúåö æóÊóÓúÊóãöÑøõæÇ Ýöíåö¡ ÝóíóãúÍóÞó
Çááøóåõ ÈóÑóßóÉó ãóÇ Ýöí ÃóíúÏöíßõãú æóíõÝúÞöÑóßõãú¡ æóíõÐúåöÈó ãóÇ
Èöåö íõÛúäöíßõãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãõÖóÇÝñ Åöáóì ÚóÐóÇÈö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ æóãóäú
ÌõãöÚó áóåõ åóÐóÇ æóåóÐóÇ ÝóÞóÏú ÈóÇÁó ÈöÇáÕøóÝúÞóÉö ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑóÉö¡
ÝóäóåóÇåõãú ÃóæøóáðÇ Úóäú ÊóÚóÇØöí ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ãöäó
ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö¡ æóÍóÐøóÑóåõãú ÓóáúÈó äöÚúãóÉö Çááøóåö Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí
ÏõäúíóÇåõãú¡ æóÚóÐóÇÈóåõ ÇáúÃóáöíãó Ýöí ÃõÎúÑóÇåõãú¡ æóÚóäøóÝóåõãú
ÃóÔóÏøó ÊóÚúäöíÝò¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÂãöÑðÇ ÈóÚúÏóãóÇ ßóÇäó Úóäú
ÖöÏøöåö ÒóÇÌöÑðÇ:
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{æóíóÇ Þóæúãö ÃóæúÝõæÇ ÇáúãößúíóÇáó
æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäó ÈöÇáúÞöÓúØö æóáóÇ ÊóÈúÎóÓõæÇ ÇáäøóÇÓó ÃóÔúíóÇÁóåõãú
æóáóÇ ÊóÚúËóæúÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ãõÝúÓöÏöíäó ÈóÞöíøóÉõ Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ
áóßõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÍóÝöíÙò}
[åæÏ: 85] . ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ:
{ÈóÞöíøóÉõ Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú} [åæÏ: 86] . Ãóíú ÑöÒúÞõ Çááøóåö
ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóÎúÐö ÃóãúæóÇáö ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö¡ æóÞóÇáó
ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ãóÇ ÝóÖóáó áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáÑøöÈúÍö ÈóÚúÏó æóÝóÇÁö
Çáúßóíúáö¡ æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäö ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóÎúÐö ÃóãúæóÇáö
ÇáäøóÇÓö ÈöÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö. ÞóÇáó: æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó åóÐóÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö
ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÞóÇáóåõ æóÍóßóÇåõ ÍóÓóäñ¡ æóåõæó ÔóÈöíåñ
ÈöÞóæúáöåö ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Þõáú áóÇ íóÓúÊóæöí ÇáúÎóÈöíËõ æóÇáØøóíøöÈõ
æóáóæú ÃóÚúÌóÈóßó ßóËúÑóÉõ ÇáúÎóÈöíËö} [ÇáãÇÆÏÉ: 100] . íóÚúäöí
Ãóäøó ÇáúÞóáöíáó ãöäó ÇáúÍóáóÇáö ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú ãöäó ÇáúßóËöíÑö ãöäó
ÇáúÍóÑóÇãö ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÍóáóÇáó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ æóÅöäú Þóáøó¡ æóÇáúÍóÑóÇãó
ãóãúÍõæÞñ æóÅöäú ßóËõÑó¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {íóãúÍóÞõ Çááøóåõ
ÇáÑøöÈóÇ æóíõÑúÈöí ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÇÊö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 276] . æóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ
Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «Åöäøó ÇáÑøöÈóÇ æóÅöäú
ßóËõÑó ÝóÅöäøó ãóÕöíÑóåõ Åöáóì Þõáøò» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ Ãóíú Åöáóì
ÞöáøóÉò¡ æóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó:
«ÇáúÈóíøöÚóÇäö ÈöÇáúÎöíóÇÑö ãóÇ áóãú íóÊóÝóÑøóÞóÇ ÝóÅöäú ÕóÏóÞóÇ¡
æóÈóíøóäóÇ ÈõæÑößó áóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÈóíúÚöåöãóÇ¡ æóÅöäøó ßóÊóãóÇ¡
æóßóÐóÈóÇ ãõÍöÞóÊú ÈóÑóßóÉõ ÈóíúÚöåöãóÇ» .
æóÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ Ãóäøó ÇáÑøöÈúÍó ÇáúÍóáóÇáó ãõÈóÇÑóßñ Ýöíåö æóÅöäøó
Þóáøó¡ æóÇáúÍóÑóÇãó áóÇ íõÌúÏöí æóÅöäú ßóËõÑóº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó
äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ÔõÚóíúÈñ: {ÈóÞöíøóÉõ Çááøóåö ÎóíúÑñ áóßõãú Åöäú
ßõäúÊõãú ãõÄúãöäöíäó} [åæÏ: 86] . æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ
Úóáóíúßõãú ÈöÍóÝöíÙò} [åæÏ: 86] . Ãóíö ÇÝúÚóáõæÇ ãóÇ ÂãõÑõßõãú Èöåö
ÇÈúÊöÛóÇÁó æóÌúåö Çááøóåö¡ æóÑóÌóÇÁó ËóæóÇÈöåö áóÇ áöÃóÑóÇßõãú ÃóäóÇ
æóÛóíúÑöí {ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈõ ÃóÕóáóÇÊõßó ÊóÃúãõÑõßó Ãóäú äóÊúÑõßó
ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõ ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ Ãóæú Ãóäú äóÝúÚóáó Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöäóÇ ãóÇ
äóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóßó áóÃóäúÊó ÇáúÍóáöíãõ ÇáÑøóÔöíÏõ} [åæÏ: 87] .
íóÞõæáõæäó åóÐóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöåúÒóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäóÞøõÕö
æóÇáÊøóåóßøõãö: ÃóÕóáóæóÇÊõßó åóÐöåö ÇáøóÊöí ÊõÕóáøöíåóÇ
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åöíó ÇáúÂãöÑóÉõ áóßó ÈöÃóäú ÊóÍúÌõÑó
ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÝóáóÇ äóÚúÈõÏõ ÅöáøóÇ Åöáóåóßó¡ æóäóÊúÑõßó ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõ
ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ ÇáúÃóÞúÏóãõæäó æóÃóÓúáóÇÝõäóÇ ÇáúÃóæøóáõæäó¡ Ãóæú ÃóäøóÇ
áóÇ äóÊóÚóÇãóáõ ÅöáøóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúæóÌúåö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÑúÊóÖöíåö ÃóäúÊó¡
æóäóÊúÑõßõ ÇáúãõÚóÇãóáóÇÊö ÇáøóÊöí ÊóÃúÈóÇåóÇ æóÅöäú ßõäøóÇ äóÍúäõ
äóÑúÖóÇåóÇ {Åöäøóßó áóÃóäúÊó ÇáúÍóáöíãõ ÇáÑøóÔöíÏõ} [åæÏ: 87] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóãóíúãõæäõ Èúäõ ãöåúÑóÇäó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò¡
æóÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÓúáóãó¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: íóÞõæáõæäó Ðóáößó -
ÃóÚúÏóÇÁõ Çááøóåö - Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö ÇáöÇÓúÊöåúÒóÇÁö.
{ÞóÇáó íóÇ Þóæúãö ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú Åöäú ßõäúÊõ Úóáóì ÈóíøöäóÉò ãöäú
ÑóÈøöí æóÑóÒóÞóäöí ãöäúåõ ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ æóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú
ÃõÎóÇáöÝóßõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ Åöäú ÃõÑöíÏõ ÅöáøóÇ
ÇáúÅöÕúáóÇÍó ãóÇ ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõ æóãóÇ ÊóæúÝöíÞöí ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö
Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃõäöíÈõ} [åæÏ: 88] . åóÐóÇ ÊóáóØøõÝñ
ãóÚóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÚöÈóÇÑóÉö¡ æóÏóÚúæóÉñ áóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÍóÞøö
ÈöÃóÈúíóäö ÅöÔóÇÑóÉò íóÞõæáõ áóåõãú: ÃóÑóÃóíúÊõãú ÃóíøõåóÇ
ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈõæäó Åöäú ßõäúÊõ Úóáóì ÈóíøöäóÉò ãöäú ÑóÈøöí Ãóíú Úóáóì
ÃóãúÑò Èóíøöäò ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑúÓóáóäöí Åöáóíúßõãú
{æóÑóÒóÞóäöí ãöäúåõ ÑöÒúÞðÇ ÍóÓóäðÇ} [åæÏ: 88] . íóÚúäöí
ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉó íóÚúäöí¡ æóÚóãøóì Úóáóíúßõãú
ãóÚúÑöÝóÊóåóÇ ÝóÃóíøõ ÍöíáóÉò áöí Èößõãú¿ æóåóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãó
Úóäú äõæÍò Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö ÓóæóÇÁð.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃõÎóÇáöÝóßõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóäúåóÇßõãú
Úóäúåõ} [åæÏ: 88] . Ãóíú áóÓúÊõ ÂãõÑõßõãú ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö ÅöáøóÇ æóÃóäóÇ
Ãóæøóáõ ÝóÇÚöáò áóåõ¡ æóÅöÐóÇ äóåóíúÊõßõãú Úóäö ÇáÔøóíúÁö ÝóÃóäóÇ
Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú íóÊúÑõßõåõ¡ æóåóÐöåö åöíó ÇáÕøöÝóÉõ ÇáúãóÍúãõæÏóÉõ
ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉõ æóÖöÏøõåóÇ åöíó ÇáúãóÑúÏõæÏóÉõ ÇáÐøóãöíãóÉõ¡ ßóãóÇ
ÊóáóÈøóÓó ÈöåóÇ ÚõáóãóÇÁõ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó Ýöí ÂÎöÑö ÒóãóÇäöåöãú¡
æóÎõØóÈóÇÄõåõãõ ÇáúÌóÇåöáõæäó ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÃóÊóÃúãõÑõæäó
ÇáäøóÇÓó ÈöÇáúÈöÑøö æóÊóäúÓóæúäó ÃóäúÝõÓóßõãú æóÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÊúáõæäó
ÇáúßöÊóÇÈó ÃóÝóáóÇ ÊóÚúÞöáõæäó} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 44] . æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ÚöäúÏóåóÇ
Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «íõÄúÊóì ÈöÇáÑøóÌõáö ÝóíõáúÞóì Ýöí ÇáäøóÇÑö
ÝóÊóäúÏóáöÞõ ÃóÞúÊóÇÈõ ÈóØúäöåö. Ãóíú
(1/432)
ÊóÎúÑõÌõ ÃóãúÚóÇÄõåõ ãöäú ÈóØúäöåö»
«ÝóíóÏõæÑõ ÈöåóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ íóÏõæÑõ ÇáúÍöãóÇÑõ ÈöÑóÍóÇåõ ÝóíóÌúÊóãöÚõ
Åöáóíúåö Ãóåúáõ ÇáäøóÇÑö ÝóíóÞõæáõæäó: íóÇ ÝõáóÇäõ ãóÇáóßó Ãóáóãú
Êóßõäú ÊóÃúãõÑõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö¡ æóÊóäúåóì Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö¿
ÝóíóÞõæáõ: Èóáóì ßõäúÊõ ÂãõÑõ ÈöÇáúãóÚúÑõæÝö æóáóÇ ÂÊöíåö¡ æóÃóäúåóì
Úóäö ÇáúãõäúßóÑö æóÂÊöíåö» . æóåóÐöåö ÕöÝóÉõ ãõÎóÇáöÝöí
ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáúÝõÌøóÇÑö æóÇáúÃóÔúÞöíóÇÁö¡ ÝóÃóãøóÇ
ÇáÓøóÇÏóÉõ ãöäó ÇáäøõÌóÈóÇÁö æóÇáúÃóáöÈøóÇÁö ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö
ÇáøóÐöíäó íóÎúÔóæúäó ÑóÈøóåõãú ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö ÝóÍóÇáõåõãú ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó
äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ÔõÚóíúÈñ: {æóãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú ÃõÎóÇáöÝóßõãú Åöáóì
ãóÇ ÃóäúåóÇßõãú Úóäúåõ Åöäú ÃõÑöíÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÅöÕúáóÇÍó ãóÇ
ÇÓúÊóØóÚúÊõ} [åæÏ: 88] . Ãóíú ãóÇ ÃõÑöíÏõ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóãúÑöí ÅöáøóÇ
ÇáúÅöÕúáóÇÍó Ýöí ÇáúÝöÚóÇáö æóÇáúãóÞóÇáö ÈöÌõåúÏöí æóØóÇÞóÊöí {æóãóÇ
ÊóæúÝöíÞöí} [åæÏ: 88] Ãóíú Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóÍúæóÇáöí {ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö
Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ æóÅöáóíúåö ÃõäöíÈõ} [åæÏ: 88] . Ãóíú Úóáóíúåö
ÃóÊóæóßøóáõ Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö æóÅöáóíúåö ãóÑúÌöÚöí æóãóÕöíÑöí
Ýöí ßõáøö ÃóãúÑöí¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãóÞóÇãõ ÊóÑúÛöíÈò¡ Ëõãøó ÇäúÊóÞóáó Åöáóì
äóæúÚò ãöäó ÇáÊøóÑúåöíÈö ÝóÞóÇáó: {æóíóÇ Þóæúãö áóÇ íóÌúÑöãóäøóßõãú
ÔöÞóÇÞöí Ãóäú íõÕöíÈóßõãú ãöËúáõ ãóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈó Þóæúãó äõæÍò Ãóæú
Þóæúãó åõæÏò Ãóæú Þóæúãó ÕóÇáöÍò æóãóÇ Þóæúãõ áõæØò ãöäúßõãú
ÈöÈóÚöíÏò} [åæÏ: 89] . Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÍúãöáóäøóßõãú ãõÎóÇáóÝóÊöí
æóÈõÛúÖõßõãú ãóÇ ÌöÆúÊõßõãú Èöåö Úóáóì ÇáöÇÓúÊöãúÑóÇÑö Úóáóì
ÖóáóÇáößõãú æóÌóåúáößõãú æóãõÎóÇáóÝóÊößõãú ÝóíõÍöáøó Çááøóåõ Èößõãú
ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö æóÇáäøóßóÇáö äóÙöíÑó ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøóåõ ÈöäõÙóÑóÇÆößõãú
æóÃóÔúÈóÇåößõãú ãöäú Þóæúãö äõæÍò¡ æóÞóæúãö åõæÏò¡ æóÞóæúãö ÕóÇáöÍò
ãöäó ÇáúãõßóÐøöÈöíäó ÇáúãõÎóÇáöÝöíäó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóãóÇ Þóæúãõ áõæØò ãöäúßõãú ÈöÈóÚöíÏò} [åæÏ: 89] .
Þöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ýöí ÇáÒøóãóÇäö Ãóíú ãóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóåúÏö ãöäú ÞöÏóãò
ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏú ÈóáóÛóßõãú ãóÇ ÃóÍóáøó Çááøóåõ Èöåöãú Úóáóì ßõÝúÑöåöãú¡
æóÚõÊõæøöåöãú. æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ æóãóÇ åõãú ãöäúßõãú ÈöÈóÚöíÏò Ýöí
ÇáúãóÍóáøóÉö æóÇáúãóßóÇäö. æóÞöíáó: Ýöí ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÝúÚóÇáö
ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞúÈóÍóÇÊö ãöäú ÞóØúÚö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö¡ æóÃóÎúÐö ÃóãúæóÇáö
ÇáäøóÇÓö ÌóåúÑóÉð¡ æóÎõÝúíóÉð ÈöÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÍöíóáö æóÇáÔøõÈõåóÇÊö.
æóÇáúÌóãúÚõ Èóíúäó åóÐöåö ÇáúÃóÞúæóÇáö ãõãúßöäñ ÝóÅöäøóåõãú áóãú
íóßõæäõæÇ ÈóÚöíÏöíäó ãöäúåõãú áóÇ ÒóãóÇäðÇ æóáóÇ ãóßóÇäðÇ æóáóÇ
ÕöÝóÇÊò. Ëõãøó ãóÒóÌó ÇáÊøóÑúåöíÈó ÈöÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈö ÝóÞóÇáó:
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{æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõæÇ ÑóÈøóßõãú Ëõãøó ÊõæÈõæÇ
Åöáóíúåö Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí ÑóÍöíãñ æóÏõæÏñ} [åæÏ: 90] . Ãóíú ÃóÞúáöÚõæÇ
ÚóãøóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú Ýöíåö¡ æóÊõæÈõæÇ Åöáóì ÑóÈøößõãõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãö
ÇáúæóÏõæÏö ÝóÅöäøóåõ ãóäú ÊóÇÈó Åöáóíúåö ÊóÇÈó Úóáóíúåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ
ÑóÍöíãñ ÈöÚöÈóÇÏöåö¡ ÃóÑúÍóãõ Èöåöãú ãöäó ÇáúæóÇáöÏóÉö ÈöæóáóÏöåóÇ
æóÏõæÏñ æóåõæó ÇáúÍóÈöíÈõ¡ æóáóæú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö¡
æóáóæú ãöäó ÇáúãõæÈöÞóÇÊö ÇáúÚöÙóÇãö
. {ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈõ ãóÇ äóÝúÞóåõ ßóËöíÑðÇ ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ
æóÅöäøóÇ áóäóÑóÇßó ÝöíäóÇ ÖóÚöíÝðÇ} [åæÏ: 91] . Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö
ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÇáËøóæúÑöíøö Ãóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ:
ßóÇäó ÖóÑöíÑó ÇáúÈóÕóÑö. æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò ãóÑúÝõæÚò Ãóäøóåõ
«Èóßóì ãöäú ÍõÈøö Çááøóåö ÍóÊøóì Úóãöíó ÝóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö
ÈóÕóÑóåõ. æóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈõ ÃóÊóÈúßöí ÎóæúÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÑö Ãóæú
ãöäú ÔóæúÞößó Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö¿ ÝóÞóÇáó: Èóáú ãöäú ãóÍóÈøóÊößó
ÝóÅöÐóÇ äóÙóÑúÊõ Åöáóíúßó ÝóáóÇ ÃõÈóÇáöí ãóÇÐóÇ íõÕúäóÚõ Èöí.
ÝóÃóæúÍóì Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö: åóäöíÆðÇ áóßó íóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈõ áöÞóÇÆöí
ÝóáöÐóáößó ÃóÎóÏóãúÊõßó ãõæÓóì Èúäó ÚöãúÑóÇäó ßóáöíãöí.» ÑóæóÇåõ
ÇáúæóÇÍöÏöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáúÝóÊúÍö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö Úóáöíøò
ÇáúßõæÝöíøö¡ Úóäú Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö Èúäö ÈõäúÏóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí
ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÇáÑøóãúáöíøö¡ Úóäú åöÔóÇãö
Èúäö ÚóãøóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Èúäö ÚóíøóÇÔò¡ Úóäú ÈóÍöíÑö Èúäö
ÓóÚúÏò¡ Úóäú ÔóÏøóÇÏö Èúäö ÃóæúÓò¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ
Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈöäóÍúæöåö. æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÑöíÈñ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú
ÖóÚøóÝóåõ ÇáúÎóØöíÈõ ÇáúÈóÛúÏóÇÏöíøõ¡ æóÞóæúáõåõãú: {æóáóæúáóÇ
ÑóåúØõßó áóÑóÌóãúäóÇßó æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈöÚóÒöíÒò} [åæÏ: 91] .
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æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ßõÝúÑöåöãõ ÇáúÈóáöíÛö
æóÚöäóÇÏöåöãõ ÇáÔøóäöíÚö ÍóíúËõ ÞóÇáõæÇ: {ãóÇ äóÝúÞóåõ ßóËöíÑðÇ
ãöãøóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ} [åæÏ: 91] . Ãóíú ãóÇ äóÝúåóãõåõ æóáóÇ äóÊóÚóÞøóáõåõ
áöÃóäøóÇ áóÇ äõÍöÈøõåõ æóáóÇ äõÑöíÏõåõ¡ æóáóíúÓó áóäóÇ åöãøóÉñ
Åöáóíúåö æóáóÇ ÅöÞúÈóÇáñ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ßõÝøóÇÑõ
ÞõÑóíúÔò áöÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó
{æóÞóÇáõæÇ ÞõáõæÈõäóÇ Ýöí ÃóßöäøóÉò ãöãøóÇ ÊóÏúÚõæäóÇ Åöáóíúåö æóÝöí
ÂÐóÇäöäóÇ æóÞúÑñ æóãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ æóÈóíúäößó ÍöÌóÇÈñ ÝóÇÚúãóáú
ÅöäøóäóÇ ÚóÇãöáõæäó} [ÝÕáÊ: 5] . æóÞóæúáõåõãú: {æóÅöäøóÇ áóäóÑóÇßó
ÝöíäóÇ ÖóÚöíÝðÇ} [åæÏ: 91] . Ãóíú ãõÖúØóåóÏðÇ ãóåúÌõæÑðÇ {æóáóæúáóÇ
ÑóåúØõßó} [åæÏ: 91] Ãóíú: ÞóÈöíáóÊõßó æóÚóÔöíÑóÊõßó ÝöíäóÇ
{áóÑóÌóãúäóÇßó æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÚóáóíúäóÇ ÈöÚóÒöíÒò ÞóÇáó íóÇ Þóæúãö
ÃóÑóåúØöí ÃóÚóÒøõ Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö} [åæÏ: 91] . Ãóíú
ÊóÎóÇÝõæäó ÞóÈöíáóÊöí æóÚóÔöíÑóÊöí æóÊõÑóÇÚõæäöí ÈöÓóÈóÈöåöãú¡ æóáóÇ
ÊóÎóÇÝõæäó ÌóäóÈóÉó Çááøóåö¡ æóáóÇ ÊóÑúÚóæúäöí áöÃóäøöí ÑóÓõæáõ
Çááøóåö ÝóÕóÇÑó ÑóåúØöí ÃóÚóÒøó Úóáóíúßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö
{æóÇÊøóÎóÐúÊõãõæåõ æóÑóÇÁóßõãú ÙöåúÑöíøðÇ} [åæÏ: 92] . Ãóíú
ÌóÚóáúÊõãú ÌóÇäöÈó Çááøóåö æóÑóÇÁó ÙõåõæÑößõãú {Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí ÈöãóÇ
ÊóÚúãóáõæäó ãõÍöíØñ} [åæÏ: 92] . Ãóíú åõæó Úóáöíãñ ÈöãóÇ
ÊóÚúãóáõæäóåõ æóãóÇ ÊóÕúäóÚõæäóåõ ãõÍöíØñ ÈöÐóáößó ßõáøöåö¡
æóÓóíóÌúÒöíßõãú Úóáóíúåö íóæúãó ÊõÑúÌóÚõæäó Åöáóíúåö {æóíóÇ Þóæúãö
ÇÚúãóáõæÇ Úóáóì ãóßóÇäóÊößõãú Åöäøöí ÚóÇãöáñ ÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ãóäú
íóÃúÊöíåö ÚóÐóÇÈñ íõÎúÒöíåö æóãóäú åõæó ßóÇÐöÈñ æóÇÑúÊóÞöÈõæÇ Åöäøöí
ãóÚóßõãú ÑóÞöíÈñ} [åæÏ: 93] . æóåóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑõ ÊóåúÏöíÏò ÔóÏöíÏò
æóæóÚöíÏò ÃóßöíÏò ÈöÃóäú íóÓúÊóãöÑøõæÇ Úóáóì ØóÑöíÞóÊöåöãú
æóãóäúåóÌöåöãú æóÔóÇßöáóÊöåöãú ÝóÓóæúÝó ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ãóäú Êóßõæäõ
áóåõ ÚóÇÞöÈóÉõ ÇáÏøóÇÑö¡ æóãóäú íóÍöáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáúåóáóÇßõ
æóÇáúÈóæóÇÑõ {ãóäú íóÃúÊöíåö ÚóÐóÇÈñ íõÎúÒöíåö} [åæÏ: 39] . Ãóíú Ýöí
åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóíóÇÉö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ {æóíóÍöáøõ Úóáóíúåö ÚóÐóÇÈñ ãõÞöíãñ}
[åæÏ: 39] . Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì {æóãóäú åõæó ßóÇÐöÈñ} [åæÏ: 93] .
Ãóíú ãöäøöí æóãöäúßõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÎúÈóÑó æóÈóÔøóÑó æóÍóÐøóÑó
{æóÇÑúÊóÞöÈõæÇ Åöäøöí ãóÚóßõãú ÑóÞöíÈñ} [åæÏ: 93] . æóåóÐóÇ
ßóÞóæúáöåö:
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{æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäúßõãú ÂãóäõæÇ
ÈöÇáøóÐöí ÃõÑúÓöáúÊõ Èöåö æóØóÇÆöÝóÉñ áóãú íõÄúãöäõæÇ ÝóÇÕúÈöÑõæÇ
ÍóÊøóì íóÍúßõãó Çááøóåõ ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóåõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó ÞóÇáó
ÇáúãóáóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ÇÓúÊóßúÈóÑõæÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö áóäõÎúÑöÌóäøóßó íóÇ
ÔõÚóíúÈõ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóÚóßó ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊöäóÇ Ãóæú
áóÊóÚõæÏõäøó Ýöí ãöáøóÊöäóÇ ÞóÇáó Ãóæóáóæú ßõäøóÇ ßóÇÑöåöíäó ÞóÏö
ÇÝúÊóÑóíúäóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ Åöäú ÚõÏúäóÇ Ýöí ãöáøóÊößõãú
ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÐú äóÌøóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ íóßõæäõ áóäóÇ Ãóäú
äóÚõæÏó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÑóÈøõäóÇ æóÓöÚó ÑóÈøõäóÇ
ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÚöáúãðÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ÊóæóßøóáúäóÇ ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÇÝúÊóÍú
ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÞóæúãöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑõ
ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 87] . ØóáóÈõæÇ ÈöÒóÚúãöåöãú Ãóäú íóÑõÏøõæÇ
ãóäú Âãóäõ ãöäúåõãú Åöáóì ãöáøóÊöåöãú ÝóÇäúÊóÕóÈó ÔõÚóíúÈñ
áöáúãõÍóÇÌøóÉö Úóäú Þóæúãöåö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: {Ãóæóáóæú ßõäøóÇ ßóÇÑöåöíäó}
[ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 88] . Ãóíú åóÄõáóÇÁö áóÇ íóÚõæÏõæäó Åöáóíúßõãõ
ÇÎúÊöíóÇÑðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ íóÚõæÏõæäó Åöáóíúåö Åöäú ÚóÇÏõæÇ ÇÖúØöÑóÇÑðÇ
ãõßúÑóåöíäó¡ æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøó ÇáúÅöíãóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÇáóØóÊú
ÈóÔóÇÔóÊõåõ ÇáúÞõáõæÈó áóÇ íóÓúÎóØõåõ ÃóÍóÏñ¡ æóáóÇ íõÑöíÏõ ÃóÍóÏñ
Ãóäú íóÒõæáó Úóäúåõ¡ æóáóÇ ãóÍöíÏó áöÃóÍóÏò ãöäúåõ.
æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {ÞóÏö ÇÝúÊóÑóíúäóÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö ßóÐöÈðÇ Åöäú
ÚõÏúäóÇ Ýöí ãöáøóÊößõãú ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÐú äóÌøóÇäóÇ Çááøóåõ ãöäúåóÇ æóãóÇ
íóßõæäõ áóäóÇ Ãóäú äóÚõæÏó ÝöíåóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ
ÑóÈøõäóÇ æóÓöÚó ÑóÈøõäóÇ ßõáøó ÔóíúÁò ÚöáúãðÇ Úóáóì Çááøóåö
ÊóæóßøóáúäóÇ} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 89] . Ãóíú Ýóåõæó ßóÇÝöíäóÇ æóåõæó
ÇáúÚóÇÕöãõ áóäóÇ æóÅöáóíúåö ãóáúÌóÄõäóÇ Ýöí ÌóãöíÚö ÃóãúÑöäóÇ¡ Ëõãøó
ÇÓúÊóÝúÊóÍó Úóáóì Þóæúãöåö æóÇÓúÊóäúÕóÑó ÑóÈøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú Ýöí
ÊóÚúÌöíáö ãóÇ íóÓúÊóÍöÞøõæäóåõ Åöáóíúåöãú ÝóÞóÇáó: {ÑóÈøóäóÇ ÇÝúÊóÍú
ÈóíúäóäóÇ æóÈóíúäó ÞóæúãöäóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÞøö æóÃóäúÊó ÎóíúÑõ
ÇáúÝóÇÊöÍöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 89] . Ãóíö ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó ÝóÏóÚóÇ
Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÇááøóåõ áóÇ íóÑõÏøõ ÏõÚóÇÁó ÑõÓõáöåö ÅöÐóÇ
ÇÓúÊóäúÕóÑõæåõ Úóáóì ÇáøóÐöíäó ÌóÍóÏõæåõ æóßóÝóÑõæåõ¡ æóÑóÓõæáóåõ
ÎóÇáóÝõæåõ¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÕóãøóãõæÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ åõãú Úóáóíúåö
ãõÔúÊóãöáõæäó¡ æóÈöåö ãõÓúÊóãúÓößõæäó {æóÞóÇáó ÇáúãóáóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó
ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö áóÆöäö ÇÊøóÈóÚúÊõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ Åöäøóßõãú ÅöÐðÇ
áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 90] .
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉõ ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí
ÏóÇÑöåöãú ÌóÇËöãöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 91] . ÐóßóÑó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö
ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö Ãóäøóåõãú ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãú
(1/436)
ÑóÌúÝóÉñ Ãóíú ÑóÌóÝóÊú Èöåöãú ÃóÑúÖõåõãú¡
æóÒõáúÒöáóÊú ÒöáúÒóÇáðÇ ÔóÏöíÏðÇ ÃóÒúåóÞóÊú ÃóÑúæóÇÍóåõãú ãöäú
ÃóÌúÓóÇÏöåóÇ¡ æóÕóíøóÑóÊú ÍóíóæóÇäóÇÊö ÃóÑúÖöåöãú ßóÌóãóÇÏöåóÇ¡
æóÃóÕúÈóÍóÊú ÌõËøóÊõåõãú ÌóÇËöíóÉð áóÇ ÃóÑúæóÇÍó ÝöíåóÇ æóáóÇ
ÍóÑóßóÇÊò ÈöåóÇ æóáóÇ ÍóæóÇÓøó áóåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÌóãóÚó Çááøóåõ
Úóáóíúåöãú ÃóäúæóÇÚðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚõÞõæÈóÇÊö æóÕõäõæÝðÇ ãöäó
ÇáúãóËõáóÇÊö¡ æóÃóÔúßóÇáðÇ ãöäó ÇáúÈóáöíøóÇÊö¡ æóÐóáößó áöãóÇ
ÇÊøóÕóÝõæÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÞóÈöíÍö ÇáÕøöÝóÇÊö ÓóáøóØó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú
ÑóÌúÝóÉð ÔóÏöíÏóÉð ÃóÓúßóäóÊö ÇáúÍóÑóßóÇÊö¡ æóÕóíúÍóÉð ÚóÙöíãóÉð
ÃóÎúãóÏóÊö ÇáúÃóÕúæóÇÊó¡ æóÙõáøóÉð ÃóÑúÓóáó Úóáóíúåöãú ãöäúåóÇ
ÔóÑóÑó ÇáäøóÇÑö ãöäú ÓóÇÆöÑö ÃóÑúÌóÇÆöåóÇ æóÇáúÌöåóÇÊö¡ æóáóßöäøóåõ
ÊóÚóÇáóì ÃóÎúÈóÑó Úóäúåõãú Ýöí ßõáøö ÓõæÑóÉò ÈöãóÇ íõäóÇÓöÈõ
ÓöíóÇÞóåóÇ æóíõæóÇÝöÞõ ØöÈóÇÞóåóÇ Ýöí ÓöíóÇÞö ÞöÕøóÉö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÇÝö
ÃóÑóÌóÝõæÇ äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈóåõ¡ æóÊóæóÚøóÏõæåõãú
ÈöÇáúÅöÎúÑóÇÌö ãöäú ÞóÑúíóÊöåöãú Ãóæú áóíóÚõæÏõäøó Ýöí ãöáøóÊöåöãú
ÑóÇÌöÚöíäó ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉõ
ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÏóÇÑöåöãú ÌóÇËöãöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 91] . ÝóÞóÇÈóáó
ÇáúÅöÑúÌóÇÝó ÈöÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉö¡ æóÇáúÅöÎóÇÝóÉó ÈöÇáúÎöíÝóÉö¡ æóåóÐóÇ
ãõäóÇÓöÈñ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ æóãõÊóÚóáøöÞñ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÞóÏøóãóåõ ãöäó
ÇáÓøöíóÇÞö¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö åõæÏò ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõãú
ÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú ÌóÇËöãöíäó¡
æóÐóáößó áöÃóäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ áöäóÈöíøö Çááøóåö Úóáóì ÓóÈöíáö
ÇáÊøóåóßøõãö¡ æóÇáöÇÓúÊöåúÒóÇÁö æóÇáÊøóäóÞøõÕö: {ÃóÕóáóÇÊõßó
ÊóÃúãõÑõßó Ãóäú äóÊúÑõßó ãóÇ íóÚúÈõÏõ ÂÈóÇÄõäóÇ Ãóæú Ãóäú äóÝúÚóáó
Ýöí ÃóãúæóÇáöäóÇ ãóÇ äóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóßó áóÃóäúÊó ÇáúÍóáöíãõ ÇáÑøóÔöíÏõ}
[åæÏ: 87] . ÝóäóÇÓóÈó Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉó ÇáøóÊöí åöíó
ßóÇáÒøóÌúÑö Úóäú ÊóÚóÇØöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúßóáóÇãö ÇáúÞóÈöíÍö ÇáøóÐöí
ÌóåøóáõæÇ Èöåö åóÐóÇ ÇáÑøóÓõæáó ÇáúßóÑöíãó ÇáúÃóãöíäó ÇáúÝóÕöíÍó
ÝóÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÕóíúÍóÉñ ÃóÓúßóÊóÊúåõãú ãóÚó ÑóÌúÝóÉò ÃóÓúßóäóÊúåõãú.
æóÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáÔøõÚóÑóÇÁö ÝóÐóßóÑó Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÎóÐóåõãú
{ÚóÐóÇÈõ íóæúãö ÇáÙøõáøóÉö} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 189] . æóßóÇäó Ðóáößó
ÅöÌóÇÈóÉð áöãóÇ ØóáóÈõæÇ¡ æóÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ Åöáóíúåö ÑóÛöÈõæÇ
ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÞóÇáõæÇ:
(1/437)
{ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÍøóÑöíäó
æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÅöáøóÇ ÈóÔóÑñ ãöËúáõäóÇ æóÅöäú äóÙõäøõßó áóãöäó
ÇáúßóÇÐöÈöíäó ÝóÃóÓúÞöØú ÚóáóíúäóÇ ßöÓóÝðÇ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö Åöäú
ßõäúÊó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøöí ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÚúãóáõæäó}
[ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 185] .
æóãóäú ÒóÚóãó ãöäó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ßóÞóÊóÇÏóÉó æóÛóíúÑöåö Ãóäøó
ÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ÃõãøóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì ÛóíúÑõ Ãóåúáö ãóÏúíóäó
ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÚõãúÏóÊõåõãú ÔóíúÆóÇäöº ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ
Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: {ßóÐøóÈó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó ÅöÐú
ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈñ} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 176] . æóáóãú íóÞõáú: ÃóÎõæåõãú
ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó: {æóÅöáóì ãóÏúíóäó ÃóÎóÇåõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ} [åæÏ: 84] .
æóÇáËøóÇäöí: Ãóäøóåõ ÐóßóÑó ÚóÐóÇÈóåõãú Èöíóæúãö ÇáÙøõáøóÉö¡
æóÐóßóÑó Ýöí ÃõæáóÆößó ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉó¡ Ãóæö ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉó. æóÇáúÌóæóÇÈõ
Úóäö ÇáúÃóæøóáö Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóÐúßõÑö ÇáúÃõÎõæøóÉó ÈóÚúÏó Þóæúáöåö:
{ßóÐøóÈó ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ÇáúãõÑúÓóáöíäó} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 176] º
áöÃóäøóåõ æóÕóÝóåõãú ÈöÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ÝóáóÇ íõäóÇÓöÈõ ÐößúÑõ
ÇáúÃõÎõæøóÉö åóÇåõäóÇ¡ æóáóãøóÇ äóÓóÈóåõãú Åöáóì ÇáúÞóÈöíáóÉö ÓóÇÛó
ÐößúÑõ ÔõÚóíúÈò ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎõæåõãú. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÑúÞõ ãöäó
ÇáäøóÝóÇÆöÓö ÇááøóØöíÝóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒóÉö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝóÉö. æóÃóãøóÇ
ÇÍúÊöÌóÇÌõåõãú Èöíóæúãö ÇáÙøõáøóÉö¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÏóáöíáðÇ
ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏöåö Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÃõãøóÉñ ÃõÎúÑóì Ýóáúíóßõäú
ÊóÚúÏóÇÏõ ÇáöÇäúÊöÞóÇãö ÈöÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉö¡ æóÇáÕøóíúÍóÉö ÏóáöíáðÇ Úóáóì
ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÃõãøóÊóÇäö ÃõÎúÑóíóÇäö¡ æóåóÐóÇ áóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ÃóÍóÏñ
íóÝúåóãõ ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáÔøóÃúäö ÝóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáøóÐöí
ÃóæúÑóÏóåõ ÇáúÍóÇÝöÙõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÓóÇßöÑó Ýöí ÊóÑúÌóãóÉö ÇáäøóÈöíøö
ÔõÚóíúÈò Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãöäú ØóÑöíÞö ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÚõËúãóÇäó
Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÔóíúÈóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäú ãõÚóÇæöíóÉó Èúäö åöÔóÇãò¡
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Úóäú åöÔóÇãö Èúäö ÓóÚúÏò¡ Úóäú ÔóÞöíÞö
Èúäö ÃóÈöí åöáóÇáò¡ Úóäú ÑóÈöíÚóÉó Èúäö ÓóíúÝò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö
Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ «. Åöäøó ãóÏúíóäó¡ æóÃóÕúÍóÇÈó ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö
ÃõãøóÊóÇäö ÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ ÅöáóíúåöãóÇ ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ÇáäøóÈöíøó Úóáóíúåö
ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ» . ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÍóÏöíËñ ÛóÑöíÈñ¡ æóÝöí ÑöÌóÇáöåö ãóäú
Êõßõáøöãó Ýöíåö¡ æóÇáúÃóÔúÈóåõ Ãóäøóåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö
Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ ãöãøóÇ ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ íóæúãó ÇáúíóÑúãõæßö ãöäú Êöáúßó
ÇáÒøóÇãöáóÊóíúäö ãöäú ÃóÎúÈóÇÑö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ æóÇááøóåõ
ÃóÚúáóãõ.
Ëõãøó ÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö ãöäó ÇáúãóÐóãøóÉö
ãóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ Úóäú Ãóåúáö ãóÏúíóäó ãöäó ÇáÊøóØúÝöíÝö Ýöí ÇáúãößúíóÇáö
æóÇáúãöíÒóÇäö¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøóåõãú ÃõãøóÉñ æóÇÍöÏóÉñ ÃõåúáößõæÇ
ÈöÃóäúæóÇÚò ãöäó ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈö¡ æóÐóßóÑó Ýöí ßõáøö ãóæúÖöÚò ãóÇ
íõäóÇÓöÈõ Ðóáößó ÇáúÎöØóÇÈó.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÝóÃóÎóÐóåõãú ÚóÐóÇÈõ íóæúãö ÇáÙøõáøóÉö Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó
ÚóÐóÇÈó íóæúãò ÚóÙöíãò} [ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ: 189] . ÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõãú
ÃóÕóÇÈóåõãú ÍóÑøñ ÔóÏöíÏñ¡ æóÃóÓúßóäó Çááøóåõ åõÈõæÈó ÇáúåóæóÇÁö
Úóäúåõãú ÓóÈúÚóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò ÝóßóÇäó áóÇ íóäúÝóÚõåõãú ãóÚó Ðóáößó
ãóÇÁñ æóáóÇ Ùöáøñ æóáóÇ ÏõÎõæáõåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúÑóÇÈö¡ ÝóåóÑóÈõæÇ
ãöäú ãóÍóáøóÊöåöãú Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÑøöíøóÉö ÝóÃóÙóáøóÊúåõãú ÓóÍóÇÈóÉñ
ÝóÇÌúÊóãóÚõæÇ ÊóÍúÊóåóÇ áöíóÓúÊóÙöáøõæÇ ÈöÙöáøöåóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ
ÊóßóÇãóáõæÇ Ýöíåö ÃóÑúÓóáóåóÇ Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåöãú ÊóÑúãöíåöãú
ÈöÔóÑóÑò æóÔõåõÈò ãöäú äóÇÑò¡ æóÑóÌóÝóÊú Èöåöãõ ÇáúÃóÑúÖõ¡
æóÌóÇÁóÊúåõãú ÕóíúÍóÉñ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö ÝóÃóÒúåóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÑúæóÇÍó
æóÎóÑøóÈóÊö ÇáúÃóÔúÈóÇÍó {ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÏóÇÑöåöãú ÌóÇËöãöíäó
ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÛúäóæúÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó
ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ßóÇäõæÇ åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 91] .
æóäóÌøóì Çááøóåõ ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ æóãóäú ãóÚóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó¡ ßóãóÇ
ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì æóåõæó ÃóÕúÏóÞõ ÇáúÞóÇÆöáöíäó:
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{æóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóãúÑõäóÇ äóÌøóíúäóÇ
ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ æóÇáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ ãóÚóåõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÉò ãöäøóÇ æóÃóÎóÐóÊö
ÇáøóÐöíäó ÙóáóãõæÇ ÇáÕøóíúÍóÉõ ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÏöíóÇÑöåöãú
ÌóÇËöãöíäó ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÛúäóæúÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÃóáóÇ ÈõÚúÏðÇ áöãóÏúíóäó
ßóãóÇ ÈóÚöÏóÊú ËóãõæÏõ} [åæÏ: 94] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÞóÇáó
ÇáúãóáóÃõ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÝóÑõæÇ ãöäú Þóæúãöåö áóÆöäö ÇÊøóÈóÚúÊõãú
ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ Åöäøóßõãú ÅöÐðÇ áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó ÝóÃóÎóÐóÊúåõãõ ÇáÑøóÌúÝóÉõ
ÝóÃóÕúÈóÍõæÇ Ýöí ÏóÇÑöåöãú ÌóÇËöãöíäó ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ
ßóÃóäú áóãú íóÛúäóæúÇ ÝöíåóÇ ÇáøóÐöíäó ßóÐøóÈõæÇ ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ ßóÇäõæÇ
åõãõ ÇáúÎóÇÓöÑöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 90] . æóåóÐóÇ Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö
Þóæúáöåöãú: {áóÆöäö ÇÊøóÈóÚúÊõãú ÔõÚóíúÈðÇ Åöäøóßõãú ÅöÐðÇ
áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 90] Ëõãøó ÐóßóÑó ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú äóÈöíøöåöãú
Ãóäøóåõ äóÚóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÃóäúÝõÓöåöãú ãõæóÈøöÎðÇ æóãõÄóäøöÈðÇ
æóãõÞóÑøöÚðÇ ÝóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {íóÇ Þóæúãö áóÞóÏú ÃóÈúáóÛúÊõßõãú
ÑöÓóÇáóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí æóäóÕóÍúÊõ áóßõãú ÝóßóíúÝó ÂÓóì Úóáóì Þóæúãò
ßóÇÝöÑöíäó} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 93] . Ãóíú ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäúåõãú ãõæóáøöíðÇ Úóäú
ãóÍóáøóÊöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó åóáóÇßöåöãú ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: {íóÇ Þóæúãö áóÞóÏú
ÃóÈúáóÛúÊõßõãú ÑöÓóÇáóÇÊö ÑóÈøöí æóäóÕóÍúÊõ áóßõãú} [ÇáÃÚÑÇÝ: 93] .
Ãóíú ÞóÏú ÃóÏøóíúÊõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó æóÇÌöÈðÇ Úóáóíøó ãöäó ÇáúÈóáóÇÛö
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