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[ÐößúÑõ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ]
ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÞöÕøóÊóåõ ãóÚó Þóæúãöåö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåöãú¡ æóãóÇ Âáó Åöáóíúåö ÃóãúÑõåõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóÇáÊøóÍöíøóÉõ æóÇáúÅößúÑóÇãõ¡ æóÐóßóÑúäóÇ ãóÇ æóÞóÚó Ýöí ÒóãóÇäöåö ãöäú ÞöÕøóÉö Þóæúãö áõæØò¡ æóÃóÊúÈóÚúäóÇ Ðóáößó ÈöÞöÕøóÉö ãóÏúíóäó Þóæúãö ÔõÚóíúÈò Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÞóÑöíäóÊõåóÇ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö Çááøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó Ýöí ãóæóÇÖöÚó ãõÊóÚóÏøöÏóÉò íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó ÞöÕøóÉö Þóæúãö áõæØò ÞöÕøóÉó ãóÏúíóäó¡ æóåõãú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈõ ÇáúÃóíúßóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ ÝóÐóßóÑúäóÇåóÇ ÊóÈóÚðÇ áóåóÇ ÇÞúÊöÏóÇÁð ÈöÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö¡ Ëõãøó äóÔúÑóÚõ ÇáúÂäó Ýöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö Úóáóì ÊóÝúÕöíáö ÐõÑøöíøóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõº áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÌóÚóáó Ýöí ÐõÑøöíøóÊöåö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÉó æóÇáúßöÊóÇÈó¡ Ýóßõáøõ äóÈöíøò ÃõÑúÓöáó ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ýóãöäú æóáóÏöåö.

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æóÞóÏú ßóÇäó áöáúÎóáöíáö Èóäõæäó ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇ¡ æóáóßöäøó ÃóÔúåóÑóåõãõ ÇáúÃóÎóæóÇäö ÇáäøóÈöíøóÇäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÇäö ÇáÑøóÓõæáóÇäö ÃóÓóäøõåõãóÇ æóÃóÌóáøõåõãóÇ ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÇáÐøóÈöíÍõ Úóáóì ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ ÈößúÑõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúÎóáöíáö ãöäú åóÇÌóÑó ÇáúÞöÈúØöíøóÉö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉö ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÇáúÌóáöíáö¡ æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÐøóÈöíÍó åõæó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ ÝóÅöäøóãóÇ ÊóáóÞøóÇåõ ãöäú äóÞóáóÉö Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ÇáøóÐöíäó ÈóÏøóáõæÇ æóÍóÑøóÝõæÇ æóÃóæøóáõæÇ ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉó æóÇáúÅöäúÌöíáó æóÎóÇáóÝõæÇ ÈöÃóíúÏöíåöãú Ýöí åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáÊøóäúÒöíáö ÝóÅöäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÃõãöÑó ÈöÐóÈúÍö æóáóÏöåö ÇáúÈößúÑö¡ æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò ÇáúæóÍöíÏö. æóÃóíøðÇ ãóÇ ßóÇäó Ýóåõæó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ ÈöäóÕøö ÇáÏøóáöíáö ÝóÝöí äóÕøö ßöÊóÇÈöåöãú Åöäøó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æõáöÏó æóáöÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ãöäó ÇáúÚõãõÑö ÓöÊøñ æóËóãóÇäõæäó ÓóäóÉð¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ æõáöÏó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞõ ÈóÚúÏó ãõÖöíøö ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò ãöäú ÚõãõÑö ÇáúÎóáöíáö¡ ÝóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ åõæó ÇáúÈößúÑõ áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó¡ æóåõæó ÇáúæóÍöíÏõ ÕõæÑóÉð æóãóÚúäðì Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáóÉò ÃóãøóÇ Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö ÝóáöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó æóÍúÏóåõ æóáóÏóåõ ÃóÒúíóÏó ãöäú ËóáóÇËó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð¡ æóÃóãøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ æóÍöíÏñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÝóÅöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí åóÇÌóÑó Èöåö ÃóÈõæåõ æóãóÚóåõ Ãõãøõåõ åóÇÌóÑõ æóßóÇäó ÕóÛöíÑðÇ ÑóÖöíÚðÇ ÝöíãóÇ Þöíáó ÝóæóÖóÚóåõãóÇ Ýöí æöåóÇÏö ÌöÈóÇáö ÝóÇÑóÇäó¡ æóåöíó ÇáúÌöÈóÇáõ ÇáøóÊöí Íóæúáó ãóßøóÉó¡ äöÚúãó ÇáúãóÞöíáõ¡ æóÊóÑóßóåõãóÇ åõäóÇáößó áóíúÓó ãóÚóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáÒøóÇÏö æóÇáúãóÇÁö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóáöíáõ¡ æóÐóáößó ËöÞóÉð ÈöÇááøóåö æóÊóæóßøõáðÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ ÝóÍóÇØóåõãóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈöÚöäóÇíóÊöåö æóßöÝóÇíóÊöåö ÝóäöÚúãó ÇáúÍóÓöíÈõ æóÇáúßóÇÝöí æóÇáúæóßöíáõ æóÇáúßóÝöíáõ.
. ÝóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúæóáóÏõ ÇáúæóÍöíÏõ

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Ýöí ÇáÕøõæÑóÉö¡ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì¡ æóáóßöäú Ãóíúäó ãóäú íóÊóÝóØøóäõ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøöÑøö¿ æóÃóíúäó ãóäú íóÍõáøõ ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÍóáøö¿ æóÇáúãóÚúäóì áóÇ íõÏúÑößõåõ¡ æóíõÍöíØõ ÈöÚöáúãöåö ÅöáøóÇ ßõáøõ äóÈöíåò äóÈöíáò.
æóÞóÏú ÃóËúäóì Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóáóíúåö¡ æóæóÕóÝóåõ ÈöÇáúÍöáúãö æóÇáÕøóÈúÑö æóÕöÏúÞö ÇáúæóÚúÏö æóÇáúãõÍóÇÝóÙóÉö Úóáóì ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈöåóÇ áöÃóåúáöåö áöíóÞöíóåõãõ ÇáúÚóÐóÇÈó¡ ãóÚó ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÏúÚõæ Åöáóíúåö ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö ÑóÈøö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÇÈö ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÈóÔøóÑúäóÇåõ ÈöÛõáóÇãò Íóáöíãò ÝóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛó ãóÚóåõ ÇáÓøóÚúíó ÞóÇáó íóÇ Èõäóíøó Åöäøöí ÃóÑóì Ýöí ÇáúãóäóÇãö Ãóäøöí ÃóÐúÈóÍõßó ÝóÇäúÙõÑú ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÑóì ÞóÇáó íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö ÇÝúÚóáú ãóÇ ÊõÄúãóÑõ ÓóÊóÌöÏõäöí Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó} [ÇáÕÇÝÇÊ: 101]
[ãóÑúíóãó: 54 - 55] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇÐúßõÑú ÚöÈóÇÏóäóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó Ãõæáöí ÇáúÃóíúÏöí æóÇáúÃóÈúÕóÇÑö ÅöäøóÇ ÃóÎúáóÕúäóÇåõãú ÈöÎóÇáöÕóÉò ÐößúÑóì ÇáÏøóÇÑö æóÅöäøóåõãú ÚöäúÏóäóÇ áóãöäó ÇáúãõÕúØóÝóíúäó ÇáúÃóÎúíóÇÑö æóÇÐúßõÑú ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÇáúíóÓóÚó æóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÝúáö æóßõáøñ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÎúíóÇÑö} [Õ: 45]
[ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö: 85 - 86] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÅöäøóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ßóãóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì äõæÍò æóÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö æóÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØö} [ÇáäÓÇÁ: 163] . ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÞõæáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÅöáóíúäóÇ æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 136] . ÇáúÂíóÉó. æóäóÙöíÑóÊõåóÇ ãöäó

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ÇáÓøõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃõÎúÑóì. æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Ãóãú ÊóÞõæáõæäó Åöäøó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØó ßóÇäõæÇ åõæÏðÇ Ãóæú äóÕóÇÑóì Þõáú ÃóÃóäúÊõãú ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóãö Çááøóåõ} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 140] . ÇáúÂíóÉó ÝóÐóßóÑó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ßõáøó ÕöÝóÉò ÌóãöíáóÉò¡ æóÌóÚóáóåõ äóÈöíøóåõ æóÑóÓõæáóåõ¡ æóÈóÑøóÃóåõ ãöäú ßõáøö ãóÇ äóÓóÈó Åöáóíúåö ÇáúÌóÇåöáõæäó¡ æóÃóãóÑó ÈöÃóäú íõÄúãöäó ÈöãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Úóáóíúåö ÚöÈóÇÏõåõ ÇáúãõÄúãöäõæäó. æóÐóßóÑó ÚõáóãóÇÁõ ÇáäøóÓóÈö æóÃóíøóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö: Ãóäøóåõ Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ÑóßöÈó ÇáúÎóíúáó¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÞóÈúáó Ðóáößó æõÍõæÔðÇ ÝóÃóäøóÓóåóÇ æóÑóßöÈóåóÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ íóÍúíóì ÇáúÃõãóæöíøõ Ýöí ãóÛóÇÒöíåö: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÔóíúÎñ ãöäú ÞõÑóíúÔò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ Çáúãóáößö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÚõãóÑó «. Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: ÇÊøóÎöÐõæÇ ÇáúÎóíúáó æóÇÛúÊóÈöÞõæåóÇ ÝóÅöäøóåóÇ ãöíÑóÇËõ ÃóÈöíßõãú ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó» . æóßóÇäóÊú åóÐöåö ÇáúÚöÑóÇÈõ æóÍúÔðÇ ÝóÏóÚóÇ áóåóÇ ÈöÏóÚúæóÊöåö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó ÃõÚúØöíó ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóÊúåõ¡ æóÅöäøóåõ Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú Êóßóáøóãó ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáúÝóÕöíÍóÉö ÇáúÈóáöíÛóÉö¡ æóßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÊóÚóáøóãóåóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÇáúÚóÇÑöÈóÉö ÇáøóÐöíäó äóÒóáõæÇ ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÈöãóßøóÉó ãöäú ÌõÑúåõãò æóÇáúÚóãóÇáöíÞö æóÃóåúáö Çáúíóãóäö ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÑóÈö ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÎóáöíáö.
ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃõãóæöíøõ: ÍóÏøóËóäöí Úóáöíøõ Èúäõ ÇáúãõÛöíÑóÉö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãöÓúãóÚõ Èúäõ ãóÇáößò¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö Úóáöíøö Èúäö ÇáúÍõÓóíúäö¡ Úóäú ÂÈóÇÆöåö¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: «Ãóæøóáõ ãóäú ÝóÊóÞó áöÓóÇäõåõ ÈöÇáúÚóÑóÈöíøóÉö ÇáúÈóíøöäóÉö ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ¡ æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÑúÈóÚó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð» . ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõ íõæäõÓõ:

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ÕóÏóÞúÊó íóÇ ÃóÈóÇ íóÓóÇÑò. åóßóÐóÇ ÃóÈõæ ÌõÑóíøò ÍóÏøóËóäöí.
æóÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÒóæøóÌó áóãøóÇ ÔóÈøó ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóÇáöíÞö ÇãúÑóÃóÉð¡ æóÃóäøó ÃóÈóÇåõ ÃóãóÑóåõ ÈöÝöÑóÇÞöåóÇ ÝóÝóÇÑóÞóåóÇ. ÞóÇáó ÇáúÃõãóæöíøõ: æóåöíó ÚöãóÇÑóÉõ ÈöäúÊõ ÓóÚúÏö Èúäö ÃõÓóÇãóÉó Èúäö Ãóßöíáó ÇáúÚöãúáóÇÞöíøö¡ Ëõãøó äóßóÍó ÛóíúÑóåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ Ãóäú íóÓúÊóãöÑøó ÈöåóÇ ÝóÇÓúÊóãóÑøó ÈöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ÇáÓøóíøöÏóÉõ ÈöäúÊõ ãõÖóÇÖö Èúäö ÚóãúÑòæ ÇáúÌõÑúåõãöíøõ.
æóÞöíáó: åóÐöåö ËóÇáöËóÉñ ÝóæóáóÏóÊú áóåõ ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó æóáóÏðÇ ÐóßóÑðÇ¡ æóÞóÏú ÓóãøóÇåõãú ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÑóÍöãóåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóåõãúº äóÇÈöÊñ¡ æóÞóíúÏóÑñ¡ æóÃóÐúÈóáõ¡ æóãöíÔóì¡ æóãöÓúãóÚñ¡ æóãóÇÔñ¡ æóÏõãóÇ¡ æóÃõÏóÑõ¡ æóíóØõæÑõ¡ æóÈóäúÔñ¡ æóØöíãóÇ¡ æóÞóíúÐõãóÇ. æóåóßóÐóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõãú Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåöãú¡ æóÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøóåõãõ ÇáöÇËúäóÇ ÚóÔóÑó ÚóÙöíãðÇ ÇáúãõÈóÔøóÑõ Èöåöãõ ÇáúãõÊóÞóÏøöãõ ÐößúÑõåõãú¡

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æóÏõÝöäó ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ÈöÇáúÍöÌúÑö ãóÚó Ãõãøöåö åóÇÌóÑó¡ æóßóÇäó ÚõãõÑõåõ íóæúãó ãóÇÊó ãöÇÆóÉð æóÓóÈúÚðÇ æóËóáóÇËöíäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÚõãóÑó Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÇáó: ÔóßóÇ ÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó ÍóÑøó ãóßøóÉó ÝóÃóæúÍóì Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö Ãóäøöí ÓóÃóÝúÊóÍõ áóßó ÈóÇÈðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÌóäøóÉö Åöáóì ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÇáøóÐöí ÊõÏúÝóäõ Ýöíåö ÊóÌúÑöí Úóáóíúßó ÑóæúÍõåóÇ Åöáóì íóæúãö ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö.
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æóÌõãúáóÉõ ÇáúÞóæúáö Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÞóÇãö¡ Ãóäøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íóãúÏóÍõ ßöÊóÇÈóåõ ÇáúÚóÙöíãó ÇáøóÐöí ÃóäúÒóáóåõ Úóáóì ÚóÈúÏöåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÈöáöÓóÇäò ÚóÑóÈöíøò ÝóÕöíÍò Èóíøöäò æóÇÖöÍò Ìóáöíøò¡ íóÝúåóãõåõ ßõáøõ ÚóÇÞöáò Ðóßöíøò Òóßöíøò Ýóåõæó ÃóÔúÑóÝõ ßöÊóÇÈò äóÒóáó ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ ÃóäúÒóáóåõ ÃóÔúÑóÝõ ÇáúãóáóÇÆößóÉö Úóáóì ÃóÔúÑóÝö ÇáúÎóáúÞö Ýöí ÃóÔúÑóÝö ÒóãóÇäò æóãóßóÇäò ÈöÃóÝúÕóÍö áõÛóÉò æóÃóÙúåóÑö ÈóíóÇäò¡ ÝóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÇáÓøöíóÇÞõ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÇáúãóÇÖöíóÉö Ãóæö ÇáúÂÊöíóÉö ÐóßóÑó ÃóÍúÓóäóåóÇ æóÃóÈúíóäóåóÇ¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑó ÇáúÍóÞøó ãöãøóÇ ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáäøóÇÓõ Ýöíåö¡ æóÏóãóÛó ÇáúÈóÇØöáó æóÒóíøóÝóåõ æóÑóÏøóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö æóÇáäøóæóÇåöí ÝóÃóÚúÏóáõ ÇáÔøóÑóÇÆöÚö æóÃóæúÖóÍõ ÇáúãóäóÇåöÌö¡ æóÃóÈúíóäõ ÍõßúãðÇ

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æóÃóÚúÏóáõ ÍóßóãðÇ¡ Ýóåõæó ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÊóãøóÊú ßóáöãóÉõ ÑóÈøößó ÕöÏúÞðÇ æóÚóÏúáðÇ} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 115] . íóÚúäöí ÕöÏúÞðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÎúÈóÇÑö ÚóÏúáðÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóæóÇãöÑö æóÇáäøóæóÇåöíº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {äóÍúäõ äóÞõÕøõ Úóáóíúßó ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáúÞóÕóÕö ÈöãóÇ ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäó æóÅöäú ßõäúÊó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö áóãöäó ÇáúÛóÇÝöáöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 3] . Ãóíú ÈöÇáäøöÓúÈóÉö Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃõæÍöíó Åöáóíúßó Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóßóÐóáößó ÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó ÑõæÍðÇ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöäóÇ ãóÇ ßõäúÊó ÊóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈõ æóáóÇ ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ æóáóßöäú ÌóÚóáúäóÇåõ äõæÑðÇ äóåúÏöí Èöåö ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ æóÅöäøóßó áóÊóåúÏöí Åöáóì ÕöÑóÇØò ãõÓúÊóÞöíãò ÕöÑóÇØö Çááøóåö ÇáøóÐöí áóåõ ãóÇ Ýöí ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö¡ æóãóÇ Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóáóÇ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÕöíÑõ ÇáúÃõãõæÑõ} [ÇáÔæÑì: 52]
[Øå: 99 - 101] . íóÚúäöí ãóäú ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö¡ æóÇÊøóÈóÚó ÛóíúÑóåõ ãöäó ÇáúßõÊõÈö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóäóÇáõåõ åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÚöíÏõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö ÇáúãóÑúæöíøö Ýöí ÇáúãõÓúäóÏö¡ æóÇáÊøöÑúãöÐöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóãöíÑö ÇáúãõÄúãöäöíäó Úóáöíøò¡ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ æóãóæúÞõæÝðÇ: «ãóäö ÇÈúÊóÛóì ÇáúåõÏóì Ýöí ÛóíúÑöåö ÃóÖóáøóåõ Çááøóåõ» . æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÓõÑóíúÌõ Èúäõ ÇáäøõÚúãóÇäö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ åõÔóíúãñ¡ ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ãõÌóÇáöÏñ¡ Úóäö ÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøö¡ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò Ãóäøó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÃóÊóì ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÈößöÊóÇÈò ÃóÕóÇÈóåõ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝóÞóÑóÃóåõ

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Úóáóì ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: ÝóÛóÖöÈó. æóÞóÇáó «ÃóãõÊóåóæøößõæäó ÝöíåóÇ íóÇ ÇÈúäó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö¿ æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö áóÞóÏú ÌöÆúÊõßõãú ÈöåóÇ ÈóíúÖóÇÁó äóÞöíøóÉð¡ áóÇ ÊóÓúÃóáõæåõãú Úóäú ÔóíúÁò ÝóíõÎúÈöÑõæäóßõãú ÈöÍóÞøò ÝóÊõßóÐøöÈõæÇ Èöåö Ãóæú ÈöÈóÇØöáò ÝóÊõÕóÏøöÞõæÇ Èöåö¡ æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö áóæú Ãóäøó ãõæÓóì ßóÇäó ÍóíøðÇ ãóÇ æóÓöÚóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÊøóÈöÚóäöí» . ÅöÓúäóÇÏñ ÕóÍöíÍñ. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó¡ Úóäú ÚóãúÑòæ Ýöíåö ÝóÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «æóÇáøóÐöí äóÝúÓöí ÈöíóÏöåö áóæú ÃóÕúÈóÍó Ýöíßõãú ãõæÓóì¡ Ëõãøó ÇÊøóÈóÚúÊõãõæåõ æóÊóÑóßúÊõãõæäöí áóÖóáóáúÊõãú Åöäøóßõãú ÍóÙøöí ãöäó ÇáúÃõãóãö¡ æóÃóäóÇ ÍóÙøõßõãú ãöäó ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó» . æóÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÏúÊõ ØõÑõÞó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÍóÏöíËö æóÃóáúÝóÇÙóåõ Ýöí Ãóæøóáö ÓõæÑóÉö íõæÓõÝó¡ æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖöåóÇ Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÎóØóÈó ÇáäøóÇÓó ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÎõØúÈóÊöåö: «ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáäøóÇÓõ Åöäøöí ÞóÏú ÃõæÊöíÊõ ÌóæóÇãöÚó Çáúßóáöãö æóÎóæóÇÊöíãóåõ¡ æóÇÎúÊõÕöÑó áöí ÇÎúÊöÕóÇÑðÇ¡ æóáóÞóÏú ÃóÊóíúÊõßõãú ÈöåóÇ ÈóíúÖóÇÁó äóÞöíøóÉð ÝóáóÇ ÊóÊóåóæøóßõæÇ¡ æóáóÇ íóÛõÑøóäøóßõãõ ÇáúãõÊóåóæøößõæäó» . Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÕøóÍöíÝóÉö ÝóãõÍöíóÊú ÍóÑúÝðÇ ÍóÑúÝðÇ.
{ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó íõæÓõÝõ áöÃóÈöíåö íóÇÃóÈóÊö Åöäøöí ÑóÃóíúÊõ ÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó ßóæúßóÈðÇ æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó ÑóÃóíúÊõåõãú áöí ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó ÞóÇáó íóÇÈõäóíøó áóÇ ÊóÞúÕõÕú ÑõÄúíóÇßó Úóáóì ÅöÎúæóÊößó ÝóíóßöíÏõæÇ áóßó ßóíúÏðÇ Åöäøó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäó áöáúÅöäúÓóÇäö ÚóÏõæøñ ãõÈöíäñ æóßóÐóáößó íóÌúÊóÈöíßó ÑóÈøõßó æóíõÚóáøöãõßó ãöäú ÊóÃúæöíáö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö æóíõÊöãøõ äöÚúãóÊóåõ Úóáóíúßó æóÚóáóì Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó ßóãóÇ ÃóÊóãøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈóæóíúßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó Úóáöíãñ Íóßöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 4]
[íõæÓõÝó: 4 - 6] . ÞóÏú ÞóÏøóãúäóÇ Ãóäøó íóÚúÞõæÈó ßóÇäó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÈóäöíäó ÇËúäóÇ ÚóÔóÑó æóáóÏðÇ ÐóßóÑðÇ¡ æóÓóãøóíúäóÇåõãú¡ æóÅöáóíúåöãú ÊõäúÓóÈõ ÃóÓúÈóÇØõ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó ßõáøõåõãú¡ æóßóÇäó ÃóÔúÑóÝõåõãú æóÃóÌóáøõåõãú

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æóÃóÚúÙóãõåõãú íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÐóåóÈó ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ãöäó ÇáúÚõáóãóÇÁö Åöáóì Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú Ýöíåöãú äóÈöíøñ ÛóíúÑõåõ æóÈóÇÞöí ÅöÎúæóÊöåö áóãú íõæÍó Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóÙóÇåöÑõ ãóÇ ÐõßöÑó ãöäú ÝöÚóÇáöåöãú¡ æóãóÞóÇáöåöãú Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáö¡ æóãóäö ÇÓúÊóÏóáøó Úóáóì äõÈõæøóÊöåöãú ÈöÞóæúáöåö: {ÞõæáõæÇ ÂãóäøóÇ ÈöÇááøóåö æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó ÅöáóíúäóÇ æóãóÇ ÃõäúÒöáó Åöáóì ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó æóÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØö} [ÇáÈÞÑÉ: 136] . æóÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó åóÄõáóÇÁö åõãõ ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØõ¡ ÝóáóíúÓó ÇÓúÊöÏúáóÇáõåõ ÈöÞóæöíøòº áöÃóäøó ÇáúãõÑóÇÏó ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇØö ÔõÚõæÈõ Èóäöí ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáó¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó íõæÌóÏõ Ýöíåöãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÇáøóÐöíäó íóäúÒöáõ Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáúæóÍúíõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóãóÇÁö¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóãöãøóÇ íõÄóíøöÏõ Ãóäøó íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ åõæó ÇáúãõÎúÊóÕøõ ãöäú Èóíúäö ÅöÎúæóÊöåö ÈöÇáÑøöÓóÇáóÉö æóÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö Ãóäøóåõ äóÕøó Úóáóì äõÈõæøóÊöåö æóÇáúÅöíÍóÇÁö Åöáóíúåö Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóÇ ÂíóÉò Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö¡ æóáóãú íóäõÕøó Úóáóì æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ÅöÎúæóÊöåö ÓöæóÇåõ¡ ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõ. æóíõÓúÊóÃúäóÓõ áöåóÐóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÕøóãóÏö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÏöíäóÇÑò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöíåö¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚõãóÑó Ãóäøó ÑóÓõæáó Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «ÇáúßóÑöíãõ ÇÈúäõ ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÇÈúäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö ÇÈúäö ÇáúßóÑöíãö íõæÓõÝõ Èúäõ íóÚúÞõæÈó Èúäö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó» . ÇäúÝóÑóÏó Èöåö ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ æóÑóæóÇåõ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò¡ æóÚóÈúÏóÉó¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÕøóãóÏö Èúäö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúæóÇÑöËö Èöåö. æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑúäóÇ ØõÑõÞóåõ Ýöí ÞöÕøóÉö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÈöãóÇ ÃóÛúäóì Úóäú ÅöÚóÇÏóÊöåö åóÇåõäóÇ¡ æóáöáøóåö ÇáúÍóãúÏõ æóÇáúãöäøóÉõ.

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ÞóÇáó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú: ÑóÃóì íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóåõæó ÕóÛöíÑñ ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÍúÊóáöãó ßóÃóäøó ÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó ßóæúßóÈðÇ¡ æóåõãú ÅöÔóÇÑóÉñ Åöáóì ÈóÞöíøóÉö ÅöÎúæóÊöåö¡ æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó åõãóÇ ÚöÈóÇÑóÉñ Úóäú ÃóÈóæóíúåö ÞóÏú ÓóÌóÏõæÇ áóåõ ÝóåóÇáóåõ Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóíúÞóÙó ÞóÕøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈöíåö ÝóÚóÑóÝó ÃóÈõæåõ Ãóäøóåõ ÓóíóäóÇáõ ãóäúÒöáóÉð ÚóÇáöíóÉð æóÑöÝúÚóÉð ÚóÙöíãóÉð Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö¡ ÈöÍóíúËõ íóÎúÖóÚõ áóåõ ÃóÈóæóÇåõ æóÅöÎúæóÊõåõ ÝöíåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóãóÑóåõ ÈößöÊúãóÇäöåóÇ æóÃóäú áóÇ íóÞõÕøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÅöÎúæóÊöåö ßóíúáóÇ íóÍúÓõÏõæåõ¡ æóíóÈúÛõæÇ áóåõ ÇáúÛóæóÇÆöáó æóíóßöíÏõæåõ ÈöÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇáúÍöíóáö æóÇáúãóßúÑö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÐóßóÑúäóÇåõº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÂËóÇÑö «. ÇÓúÊóÚöíäõæÇ Úóáóì ÞóÖóÇÁö ÍóæóÇÆöÌößõãú ÈößöÊúãóÇäöåóÇ ÝóÅöäøó ßõáøó Ðöí äöÚúãóÉò ãóÍúÓõæÏñ» . æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÞóÕøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈöíåö æóÅöÎúæóÊöåö ãóÚðÇ. æóåõæó ÛóáóØñ ãöäúåõãú {æóßóÐóáößó íóÌúÊóÈöíßó ÑóÈøõßó} [íæÓÝ: 6] . Ãóíú æóßóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇßó åóÐöåö ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ÇáúÚóÙöíãóÉó ÝóÅöÐóÇ ßóÊóãúÊóåóÇ {íóÌúÊóÈöíßó ÑóÈøõßó} [íæÓÝ: 6] Ãóíú íóÎõÕøõßó ÈöÃóäúæóÇÚö ÇááøõØúÝö æóÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö {æóíõÚóáøöãõßó ãöäú ÊóÃúæöíáö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö} [íæÓÝ: 6] . Ãóíú íõÝóåøöãõßó ãöäú ãóÚóÇäöí ÇáúßóáóÇãö¡ æóÊóÚúÈöíÑö ÇáúãóäóÇãö ãóÇáóÇ íóÝúåóãõåõ ÛóíúÑõßó {æóíõÊöãøõ äöÚúãóÊóåõ Úóáóíúßó} [íæÓÝ: 6] . Ãóíú ÈöÇáúæóÍúí Åöáóíúßó {æóÚóáóì Âáö íóÚúÞõæÈó} [íæÓÝ: 6] . Ãóíú ÈöÓóÈóÈößó¡ æóíóÍúÕõáõ áóåõãú Èößó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö {ßóãóÇ ÃóÊóãøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈóæóíúßó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó} [íæÓÝ: 6] . Ãóíú íõäúÚöãõ Úóáóíúßó æóíõÍúÓöäõ Åöáóíúßó ÈöÇáäøõÈõæøóÉö¡ ßóãóÇ ÃóÚúØóÇåóÇ ÃóÈóÇßó íóÚúÞõæÈó æóÌóÏøóßó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóæóÇáöÏó ÌóÏøößó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúÎóáöíáó {Åöäøó ÑóÈøóßó Úóáöíãñ Íóßöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 6] . ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Çááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÍóíúËõ íóÌúÚóáõ ÑöÓóÇáóÊóåõ} [ÇáÃäÚÇã: 124] .
æóáöåóÐóÇ «ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó áóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáó Ãóíøõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ÃóßúÑóãõ¿ ÞóÇáó: íõæÓõÝõ äóÈöíøõ Çááøóåö ÇÈúäõ

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äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÇÈúäö äóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÇÈúäö Îóáöíáö Çááøóåö» . æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Ýöí ÊóÝúÓöíÑóíúåöãóÇ¡ æóÃóÈõæ íóÚúáóì¡ æóÇáúÈóÒøóÇÑõ Ýöí ãõÓúäóÏóíúåöãóÇ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÍóßóãö Èúäö ÙóåöíÑò¡ æóÞóÏú ÖóÚøóÝóåõ ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉõ¡ Úóäö ÇáÓøõÏøöíøö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÓóÇÈöØò¡ Úóäú ÌóÇÈöÑò ÞóÇáó: «ÃóÊóì ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúíóåõæÏö íõÞóÇáõ áóåõ: ÈõÓúÊóÇäóÉõ ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøõ. ÝóÞóÇáó: íóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ ÃóÎúÈöÑúäöí Úóäö ÇáúßóæóÇßöÈö ÇáøóÊöí ÑóÂåóÇ íõæÓõÝõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÓóÇÌöÏóÉñ áóåõ ãóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÄõåóÇ¿ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÓóßóÊó ÇáäøóÈöíøõ Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó Ýóáóãú íõÌöÈúåõ ÈöÔóíúÁò. æóäóÒóáó ÌöÈúÑöíáõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåóÇ¡ ÞóÇáó: ÝóÈóÚóËó Åöáóíúåö ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö. ÝóÞóÇáó: åóáú ÃóäúÊó ãõÄúãöäñ Åöäú ÃóÎúÈóÑúÊõßó ÈöÃóÓúãóÇÆöåóÇ. ÞóÇáó: äóÚóãú. ÝóÞóÇáó: åöíó ÌóÑóÈóÇäõ¡ æóÇáØøóÇÑöÞõ¡ æóÇáÐøöíóÇáõ¡ æóÐõæ ÇáúßóäöÝóÇÊö¡ æóÞóÇÈöÓõ¡ æóæóËøóÇÈõ¡ æóÚóãõæÏóÇäõ¡ æóÇáúÝóíúáóÞõ¡ æóÇáúãõÕúÈöÍõ¡ æóÇáÕøóÑõæÍõ¡ æóÐõæ ÇáúÝóÑúÚö¡ æóÇáÖøöíóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáäøõæÑõ. ÝóÞóÇáó ÇáúíóåõæÏöíøõ: Åöí æóÇááøóåö ÅöäøóåóÇ áóÃóÓúãóÇÄõåóÇ. æóÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöí íóÚúáóì¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÞóÕøóåóÇ Úóáóì ÃóÈöíåö¡ ÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ÃóãúÑñ ãõÔóÊøóÊñ íóÌúãóÚõåõ Çááøóåõ¡ æóÇáÔøóãúÓõ ÃóÈõæåõ æóÇáúÞóãóÑõ Ãõãøõåõ» .

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{áóÞóÏú ßóÇäó Ýöí íõæÓõÝó æóÅöÎúæóÊöåö ÂíóÇÊñ áöáÓøóÇÆöáöíäó ÅöÐú ÞóÇáõæÇ áóíõæÓõÝõ æóÃóÎõæåõ ÃóÍóÈøõ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíäóÇ ãöäøóÇ æóäóÍúäõ ÚõÕúÈóÉñ Åöäøó ÃóÈóÇäóÇ áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò ÇÞúÊõáõæÇ íõæÓõÝó Ãóæö ÇØúÑóÍõæåõ ÃóÑúÖðÇ íóÎúáõ áóßõãú æóÌúåõ ÃóÈöíßõãú æóÊóßõæäõæÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÏöåö ÞóæúãðÇ ÕóÇáöÍöíäó ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÆöáñ ãöäúåõãú áóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ íõæÓõÝó æóÃóáúÞõæåõ Ýöí ÛóíóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÌõÈøö íóáúÊóÞöØúåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóíøóÇÑóÉö Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÝóÇÚöáöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 7] . Ãóíú ÈöÊóÞúÏöíãöåö ÍõÈøóåõãóÇ ÚóáóíúäóÇ. Ëõãøó ÇÔúÊóæóÑõæÇ ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú Ýöí ÞóÊúáö íõæÓõÝó Ãóæú ÅöÈúÚóÇÏöåö Åöáóì ÃóÑúÖò áóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõ ãöäúåóÇ áöíóÎúáõæó áóåõãú æóÌúåõ ÃóÈöíåö Ãóíú áöÊóÊóãóÍøóÖó ãóÍóÈøóÊõåõ áóåõãú æóÊóÊóæóÝøóÑó Úóáóíúåöãú¡ æóÃóÖúãóÑõæÇ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉó ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÊóãóÇáóÃõæÇ Úóáóì Ðóáößó æóÊóæóÇÝóÞõæÇ Úóáóíúåö {ÞóÇáó ÞóÇÆöáñ ãöäúåõãú} [íæÓÝ: 10] . ÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: åõæó ÔóãúÚõæäõ. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: åõæó íóåõæÐóÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: åõæó ÃóßúÈóÑõåõãú ÑõæÈöíáõ {áóÇ ÊóÞúÊõáõæÇ íõæÓõÝó æóÃóáúÞõæåõ Ýöí ÛóíóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÌõÈøö íóáúÊóÞöØúåõ ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóíøóÇÑóÉö} [íæÓÝ: 10] . Ãóíö ÇáúãóÇÑøóÉö ãöäó ÇáúãõÓóÇÝöÑöíäó {Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ÝóÇÚöáöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 10] . ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõæäó áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó Ýóáúíóßõäú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÞõæáõ áóßõãú Ýóåõæó ÃóÞúÑóÈõ ÍóÇáðÇ ãöäú ÞóÊúáöåö Ãóæú äóÝúíöåö¡ æóÊóÛúÑöíÈöåö ÝóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ ÑóÃúíóåõãú Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÝóÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó {ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ãóÇ áóßó áóÇ ÊóÃúãóäøóÇ Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóäóÇÕöÍõæäó ÃóÑúÓöáúåõ ãóÚóäóÇ ÛóÏðÇ íóÑúÊóÚú æóíóáúÚóÈú æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóÍóÇÝöÙõæäó ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí áóíóÍúÒõäõäöí Ãóäú ÊóÐúåóÈõæÇ Èöåö æóÃóÎóÇÝõ Ãóäú íóÃúßõáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ æóÃóäúÊõãú Úóäúåõ ÛóÇÝöáõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÆöäú Ãóßóáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ æóäóÍúäõ ÚõÕúÈóÉñ ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 11]
[íõæÓõÝó: 11 - 14] . ØóáóÈõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÈöíåöãú Ãóäú

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íõÑúÓöáõ ãóÚóåõãú ÃóÎóÇåõãú íõæÓõÝó¡ æóÃóÙúåóÑõæÇ áóåõ Ãóäøóåõãú íõÑöíÏõæäó Ãóäú íóÑúÚóì ãóÚóåõãú¡ æóÃóäú íóáúÚóÈó æóíóäúÈóÓöØó¡ æóÞóÏú ÃóÖúãóÑõæÇ áóåõ ãóÇ Çááøóåõ Èöåö Úóáöíãñ¡ ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõãõ ÇáÔøóíúÎõ Úóáóíúåö ãöäó Çááøóåö ÃóÝúÖóáõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉö æóÇáÊøóÓúáöíãö: íóÇ Èóäöíøó íóÔõÞøõ Úóáóíøó Ãóäú ÃõÝóÇÑöÞóåõ ÓóÇÚóÉð ãöäó ÇáäøóåóÇÑö¡ æóãóÚó åóÐóÇ ÃóÎúÔóì Ãóäú ÊóÔúÊóÛöáõæÇ Ýöí áóÚöÈößõãú¡ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú Ýöíåö ÝóíóÃúÊöíó ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ ÝóíóÃúßõáóåõ¡ æóáóÇ íóÞúÏöÑõ Úóáóì ÏóÝúÚöåö Úóäúåõ áöÕöÛóÑöåö æóÛóÝúáóÊößõãú Úóäúåõ {ÞóÇáõæÇ áóÆöäú Ãóßóáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ æóäóÍúäõ ÚõÕúÈóÉñ ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 14] . Ãóíú áóÆöäú ÚóÏóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ ÝóÃóßóáóåõ ãöäú ÈóíúäöäóÇ Ãóæö ÇÔúÊóÛóáúäóÇ Úóäúåõ ÍóÊøóì æóÞóÚó åóÐóÇ æóäóÍúäõ ÌóãóÇÚóÉñ {ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÎóÇÓöÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 14] . Ãóíú ÚóÇÌöÒõæäó åóÇáößõæäó. æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóÑúÓóáóåõ æóÑóÇÁóåõãú íóÊúÈóÚõåõãú¡ ÝóÖóáøó Úóäö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö ÍóÊøóì ÃóÑúÔóÏóåõ ÑóÌõáñ Åöáóíúåöãú¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóíúÖðÇ ãöäú ÛóáóØöåöãú æóÎóØóÆöåöãú Ýöí ÇáÊøóÚúÑöíÈö ÝóÅöäøó íóÚúÞõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ßóÇäó ÃóÍúÑóÕó Úóáóíúåö ãöäú Ãóäú íóÈúÚóËóåõ ãóÚóåõãú ÝóßóíúÝó íóÈúÚóËõåõ æóÍúÏóåõ {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÐóåóÈõæÇ Èöåö æóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Ãóäú íóÌúÚóáõæåõ Ýöí ÛóíóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÌõÈøö æóÃóæúÍóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúåö áóÊõäóÈøöÆóäøóåõãú ÈöÃóãúÑöåöãú åóÐóÇ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó æóÌóÇÁõæÇ ÃóÈóÇåõãú ÚöÔóÇÁð íóÈúßõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÃóÈóÇäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÐóåóÈúäóÇ äóÓúÊóÈöÞõ æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ íõæÓõÝó ÚöäúÏó ãóÊóÇÚöäóÇ ÝóÃóßóáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöãõÄúãöäò áóäóÇ æóáóæú ßõäøóÇ ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó æóÌóÇÁõæÇ Úóáóì ÞóãöíÕöåö ÈöÏóãò ßóÐöÈò ÞóÇáó Èóáú ÓóæøóáóÊú áóßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓõßõãú ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÕóÈúÑñ Ìóãöíáñ æóÇááøóåõ ÇáúãõÓúÊóÚóÇäõ Úóáóì ãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 15]
[íõæÓõÝó: 15 - 18] . áóãú íóÒóÇáõæÇ ÈöÃóÈöíåöãú ÍóÊøóì ÈóÚóËóåõ ãóÚóåõãú ÝóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÛóÇÈõæÇ Úóäú Úóíúäóíúåö ÝóÌóÚóáõæÇ íóÔúÊõãõæäóåõ æóíõåöíäõæäóåõ ÈöÇáúÝóÚóÇáö æóÇáúãóÞóÇáö¡ æóÃóÌúãóÚõæÇ Úóáóì ÅöáúÞóÇÆöåö Ýöí ÛóíóÇÈóÉö ÇáúÌõÈøö Ãóíú Ýöí ÞóÚúÑöåö Úóáóì ÑóÇÚõæÝóÊöåö¡ æóåöíó ÇáÕøóÎúÑóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí Êóßõæäõ Ýöí æóÓóØöåö íóÞöÝõ ÚóáóíúåóÇ ÇáúãóÇÆöÍõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóäúÒöáõ áöíóãúáóÃó ÇáÏøöáóÇÁó ÅöÐóÇ Þóáøó ÇáúãóÇÁõ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÑúÝóÚõåóÇ ÈöÇáúÍóÈúáö íõÓóãøóì ÇáúãóÇÊöÍó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÃóáúÞóæúåõ Ýöíåö ÃóæúÍóì Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ ÈõÏøó áóßó ãöäú ÝóÑóÌò

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æóãóÎúÑóÌò ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáÔøöÏøóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ÃóäúÊó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóáóÊõÎúÈöÑóäøó ÅöÎúæóÊóßó ÈöÕóäöíÚöåöãú åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáò ÃóäúÊó ÝöíåóÇ ÚóÒöíÒñ¡ æóåõãú ãõÍúÊóÇÌõæäó Åöáóíúßó ÎóÇÆöÝõæäó ãöäúßó. {æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 15] . ÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ: {æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 15] . ÈöÅöíÍóÇÁö Çááøóåö Åöáóíúåö Ðóáößó. æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò {æóåõãú áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 15] Ãóíú áóÊõÎúÈöÑóäøóåõãú ÈöÃóãúÑöåöãú åóÐóÇ Ýöí ÍóÇáò áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäóßó ÝöíåóÇ. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Úóäúåõ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ æóÖóÚõæåõ Ýöíåö æóÑóÌóÚõæÇ Úóäúåõ ÃóÎóÐõæÇ ÞóãöíÕóåõ ÝóáóØøóÎõæåõ ÈöÔóíúÁò ãöäú Ïóãò¡ æóÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíåöãú ÚöÔóÇÁð æóåõãú íóÈúßõæäó Ãóíú Úóáóì ÃóÎöíåöãúº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö: áóÇ íóÛõÑóäøóßó ÈõßóÇÁõ ÇáúãõÊóÙóáøöãö ÝóÑõÈøó ÙóÇáöãò æóåõæó ÈóÇßò. æóÐóßóÑó ÈõßóÇÁó ÅöÎúæóÉö íõæÓõÝó. æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁõæÇ ÃóÈóÇåõãú ÚöÔóÇÁð íóÈúßõæäó Ãóíú Ýöí ÙõáúãóÉö Çááøóíúáö áöíóßõæäó ÃóãúÔóì áöÛóÏúÑöåöãú áóÇ áöÚõÐúÑöåöãú {ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ÐóåóÈúäóÇ äóÓúÊóÈöÞõ æóÊóÑóßúäóÇ íõæÓõÝó ÚöäúÏó ãóÊóÇÚöäóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 17] . Ãóíú ËöíóÇÈöäóÇ {ÝóÃóßóáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ} [íæÓÝ: 17] Ãóíú Ýöí ÛóíúÈóÊöäóÇ Úóäúåõ Ýöí ÇÓúÊöÈóÇÞöäóÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõãú: {æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöãõÄúãöäò áóäóÇ æóáóæú ßõäøóÇ ÕóÇÏöÞöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 17] . Ãóíú æóãóÇ ÃóäúÊó ÈöãõÕóÏøöÞò áóäóÇ Ýöí ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÈóÑúäóÇßó ãöäú Ãóßúáö ÇáÐøöÆúÈö áóåõ¡ æóáóæú ßõäøóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÊøóåóãöíäó ÚöäúÏóßó¡ ÝóßóíúÝó æóÃóäúÊó ÊóÊøóåöãõäóÇ Ýöí åóÐóÇ¿ ÝóÅöäøóßó ÎóÔöíÊó Ãóäú íóÃúßõáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ¡ æóÖóãöäøóÇ áóßó Ãóäú áóÇ íóÃúßõáóåõ áößóËúÑóÊöäóÇ Íóæúáóåõ ÝóÕöÑúäóÇ ÛóíúÑó ãõÕóÏøóÞöíäó ÚöäúÏóßó¡ ÝóãóÚúÐõæÑñ ÃóäúÊó Ýöí ÚóÏóãö ÊóÕúÏöíÞößó áóäóÇ æóÇáúÍóÇáóÉõ åóÐöåö {æóÌóÇÁõæÇ Úóáóì ÞóãöíÕöåö ÈöÏóãò ßóÐöÈò} [íæÓÝ: 18] . Ãóíú ãóßúÐõæÈò ãõÝúÊóÚóáò áöÃóäøóåõãú ÚóãóÏõæÇ Åöáóì ÓóÎúáóÉò ÐóÈóÍõæåóÇ ÝóÃóÎóÐõæÇ ãöäú ÏóãöåóÇ ÝóæóÖóÚõæåõ Úóáóì ÞóãöíÕöåö áöíõæåöãõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ Ãóßóáóåõ ÇáÐøöÆúÈõ. ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóäóÓõæÇ Ãóäú íóÎúÑöÞõæåõ - " æóÂÝóÉõ ÇáúßóÐöÈö ÇáäøöÓúíóÇäõ. "¡ æóáóãøóÇ ÙóåóÑóÊú Úóáóíúåöãú ÚóáóÇÆöãõ ÇáÑøöíÈóÉö áóãú íóÑõÌú

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æóáóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóÔúÚóÑó ÅöÎúæóÉõ íõæÓõÝó ÈöÃóÎúÐö ÇáÓøóíøóÇÑóÉö áóåõ áóÍöÞõæåõãú¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: åóÐóÇ ÛõáóÇãõäóÇ ÃóÈöÞó ãöäøóÇ ÝóÇÔúÊóÑóæúåõ ãöäúåõãú ÈöËóãóäò ÈóÎúÓòº Ãóíú Þóáöíáò äóÒúÑò. æóÞöíáó: åõæó ÇáÒøóíúÝõ {ÏóÑóÇåöãó ãóÚúÏõæÏóÉò æóßóÇäõæÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÒøóÇåöÏöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 20] . ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóäóæúÝñ ÇáúÈößóÇáöíøõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÚóØöíøóÉõ ÇáúÚóæúÝöíøõ: ÈóÇÚõæåõ ÈöÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ ÇÞúÊóÓóãõæåóÇ ÏöÑúåóãóíúäö ÏöÑúåóãóíúäö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ: ÇËúäóÇäö æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ÚößúÑöãóÉõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÏöÑúåóãðÇ. ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ {æóÞóÇáó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåõ ãöäú ãöÕúÑó áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÃóßúÑöãöí ãóËúæóÇåõ} [íæÓÝ: 21] . Ãóíú ÃóÍúÓöäöí Åöáóíúåö {ÚóÓóì Ãóäú íóäúÝóÚóäóÇ Ãóæú äóÊøóÎöÐóåõ æóáóÏðÇ} [íæÓÝ: 21] . æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú áõØúÝö Çááøóåö Èöåö æóÑóÍúãóÊöåö¡ æóÅöÍúÓóÇäöåö Åöáóíúåö ÈöãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ Ãóäú íõÄóåøöáóåõ áóåõ¡ æóíõÚúØöíóåõ ãöäú ÎóíúÑóíö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóßóÇäó ÇáøóÐöí ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåõ ãöäú Ãóåúáö ãöÕúÑó ÚóÒöíÒóåóÇ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúæóÒöíÑõ ÈöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÇáúÎóÒóÇÆöäõ ãõÓóáøóãóÉñ Åöáóíúåö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó:

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æóÇÓúãõåõ ÃóØúÝöíÑõ Èúäõ ÑõæÍöíÈó. ÞóÇáó: æóßóÇäó ãóáößõ ãöÕúÑó íóæúãóÆöÐò ÇáÑøóíøóÇäó Èúäó ÇáúæóáöíÏö ÑóÌõáñ ãöäó ÇáúÚóãóÇáöíÞö. ÞóÇáó: æóÇÓúãõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÑóÇÚöíáõ ÈöäúÊõ ÑóÚóÇÆöíáó. æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: ßóÇäó ÇÓúãõåóÇ ÒóáöíÎóÇ. æóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ Ãóäøóåõ áóÞóÈõåóÇ. æóÞöíáó: ÝóßóÇ ÈöäúÊõ íóäõæÓó. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáËøóÚúáóÈöíøõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åöÔóÇãò ÇáÑøöÝóÇÚöíøö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Úóäú ãõÍóãøóÏö Èúäö ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÕóÇáöÍò¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ßóÇäó ÇÓúãõ ÇáøóÐöí ÈóÇÚóåõ ÈöãöÕúÑó íóÚúäöí ÇáøóÐöí ÌóáóÈóåõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ãóÇáößó Èúäó ÏóÛúÑö Èúäö ËóæöíÈó Èúäö ÚóÝúÞóÇ Èúäö ãöÏúíóÇäó Èúäö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó. ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÚõÈóíúÏóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÞóÇáó: ÃóÝúÑóÓõ ÇáäøóÇÓö ËóáóÇËóÉñº ÚóÒöíÒõ ãöÕúÑó Íöíäó ÞóÇáó áöÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö: {ÃóßúÑöãöí ãóËúæóÇåõ} [íæÓÝ: 21] æóÇáúãóÑúÃóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÇáóÊú áöÃóÈöíåóÇ Úóäú ãõæÓóì: {íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö ÇÓúÊóÃúÌöÑúåõ Åöäøó ÎóíúÑó ãóäö ÇÓúÊóÃúÌóÑúÊó ÇáúÞóæöíøõ ÇáúÃóãöíäõ} [ÇáÞÕÕ: 26] . æóÃóÈõæ ÈóßúÑò ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ Íöíäó ÇÓúÊóÎúáóÝó ÚõãóÑó Èúäó ÇáúÎóØøóÇÈö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåõãóÇ. Ëõãøó Þöíáó: ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ÈöÚöÔúÑöíäó ÏöíäóÇÑðÇ. æóÞöíáó: ÈöæóÒúäöåö ãöÓúßðÇ æóæóÒúäöåö ÍóÑöíÑðÇ æóæóÒúäöåö æóÑöÞðÇ. ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóßóÐóáößó ãóßøóäøóÇ áöíõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö} [íæÓÝ: 21] . Ãóíú æóßóãóÇ ÞóíøóÖúäóÇ åóÐóÇ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒó¡ æóÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ íõÍúÓöäóÇäö Åöáóíúåö æóíóÚúÊóäöíóÇäö Èöåö¡ ãóßøóäøóÇ áóåõ Ýöí ÃóÑúÖö ãöÕúÑó {æóáöäõÚóáøöãóåõ ãöäú ÊóÃúæöíáö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö} [íæÓÝ: 21] . Ãóíú ÝóåúãöåóÇ¡ æóÊóÚúÈöíÑõ ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó {æóÇááøóåõ ÛóÇáöÈñ Úóáóì ÃóãúÑöåö} [íæÓÝ: 21] .

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Ãóíú ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ ÝóÅöäøóåõ íõÞóíøöÖõ áóåõ ÃóÓúÈóÇÈðÇ¡ æóÃõãõæÑðÇ áóÇ íóåúÊóÏöí ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏõº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó - æóáóãøóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÃóÔõÏøóåõ ÂÊóíúäóÇåõ ÍõßúãðÇ æóÚöáúãðÇ æóßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 21 - 22] . ÝóÏóáøó Úóáóì Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ßõáøóåõ ßóÇäó¡ æóåõæó ÞóÈúáó ÈõáõæÛö ÇáúÃóÔõÏøö¡ æóåõæó ÍóÏøõ ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÇáøóÐöí íõæÍöí Çááøóåõ Ýöíåö Åöáóì ÚöÈóÇÏöåö ÇáäøóÈöíøöíäó Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝõæÇ Ýöí ãõÏøóÉö ÇáúÚõãõÑö ÇáøóÐöí åõæó ÈõáõæÛõ ÇáúÃóÔõÏøö. ÝóÞóÇáó ãóÇáößñ¡ æóÑóÈöíÚóÉõ¡ æóÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÓúáóãó¡ æóÇáÔøóÚúÈöíøõ: åõæó ÇáúÍõáõãõ. æóÞóÇáó ÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò: ËóãóÇäöíó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ: ÚöÔúÑõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóÇáó ÚößúÑöãóÉõ: ÎóãúÓñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: ËóáóÇËõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ: ËóáóÇËñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ: ÃóÑúÈóÚõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóíóÔúåóÏõ áóåõ Þóæúáõåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÍóÊøóì ÅöÐóÇ ÈóáóÛó ÃóÔõÏøóåõ æóÈóáóÛó ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð} [ÇáÃÍÞÇÝ: 15] . {æóÑóÇæóÏóÊúåõ ÇáøóÊöí åõæó Ýöí ÈóíúÊöåóÇ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö æóÛóáøóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÈó æóÞóÇáóÊú åóíúÊó áóßó ÞóÇáó ãóÚóÇÐó Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõ ÑóÈøöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóËúæóÇíó Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó æóáóÞóÏú åóãøóÊú Èöåö æóåóãøó ÈöåóÇ áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÑóÃóì ÈõÑúåóÇäó ÑóÈøöåö ßóÐóáößó áöäóÕúÑöÝó Úóäúåõ ÇáÓøõæÁó æóÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁó Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó æóÇÓúÊóÈóÞóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈó æóÞóÏøóÊú ÞóãöíÕóåõ ãöäú ÏõÈõÑò æóÃóáúÝóíóÇ ÓóíøöÏóåóÇ áóÏóì ÇáúÈóÇÈö ÞóÇáóÊú ãóÇ ÌóÒóÇÁõ ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÃóåúáößó ÓõæÁðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÓúÌóäó Ãóæú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ ÞóÇáó åöíó ÑóÇæóÏóÊúäöí Úóäú äóÝúÓöí æóÔóåöÏó ÔóÇåöÏñ ãöäú ÃóåúáöåóÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó ÞóãöíÕõåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÞõÈõáò ÝóÕóÏóÞóÊú æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈöíäó æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÞóãöíÕõåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÏõÈõÑò ÝóßóÐóÈóÊú æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÞóãöíÕóåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÏõÈõÑò ÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ßóíúÏößõäøó Åöäøó ßóíúÏóßõäøó ÚóÙöíãñ íõæÓõÝõ ÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäú åóÐóÇ æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑöí áöÐóäúÈößö Åöäøóßö ßõäúÊö ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇØöÆöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 23]
[íõæÓõÝó: 23 - 29] .

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íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ãõÑóÇæóÏóÉö ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö áöíõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö æóØóáóÈöåóÇ ãöäúåõ ãóÇ áóÇ íóáöíÞõ ÈöÍóÇáöåö æóãóÞóÇãöåö¡ æóåöíó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúÌóãóÇáö æóÇáúãóÇáö æóÇáúãóäúÕöÈö æóÇáÔøóÈóÇÈö¡ æóßóíúÝó ÛóáøóÞóÊö ÇáúÃóÈúæóÇÈó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÚóáóíúåö¿ æóÊóåóíøóÃóÊú áóåõ æóÊóÕóäøóÚóÊú æóáóÈöÓóÊú ÃóÍúÓóäó ËöíóÇÈöåóÇ æóÃóÝúÎóÑó áöÈóÇÓöåóÇ¡ æóåöíó ãóÚó åóÐóÇ ßõáøöåö ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÇáúæóÒöíÑö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó: æóÈöäúÊõ ÃõÎúÊö Çáúãóáößö ÇáÑøóíøóÇäö Èúäö ÇáúæóáöíÏö ÕóÇÍöÈö ãöÕúÑó. æóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ãóÚó Ãóäøó íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÔóÇÈøñ ÈóÏöíÚõ ÇáúÌóãóÇáö æóÇáúÈóåóÇÁö¡ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ äóÈöíøñ ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö ÝóÚóÕóãóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁö æóÍóãóÇåõ ãöäú ãóßúÑö ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö¡ Ýóåõæó ÓóíøöÏõ ÇáÓøóÇÏóÉö ÇáäøõÌóÈóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÈúÚóÉö ÇáúÃóÊúÞöíóÇÁö ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑöíäó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö Úóäú ÎóÇÊóãö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Ýöí Þóæúáöåö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãöäú ÑóÈøö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóÇáÓøóãóÇÁö «ÓóÈúÚóÉñ íõÙöáøõåõãõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí Ùöáøöåö íóæúãó áóÇ Ùöáøó ÅöáøóÇ Ùöáøõåõº ÅöãóÇãñ ÚóÇÏöáñ¡ æóÑóÌõáñ ÐóßóÑó Çááøóåó ÎóÇáöíðÇ ÝóÝóÇÖóÊú ÚóíúäóÇåõ¡ æóÑóÌõáñ ãõÚóáøóÞñ ÞóáúÈõåõ ÈöÇáúãóÓúÌöÏö ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌó ãöäúåõ ÍóÊøóì íóÚõæÏó Åöáóíúåö¡ æóÑóÌõáóÇäö ÊóÍóÇÈøóÇ Ýöí Çááøóåö ÇÌúÊóãóÚóÇ Úóáóíúåö æóÊóÝóÑøóÞóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÑóÌõáñ ÊóÕóÏøóÞó ÈöÕóÏóÞóÉò ÝóÃóÎúÝóÇåóÇ ÍóÊøóì áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãó ÔöãóÇáõåõ ãóÇ ÊõäúÝöÞõ íóãöíäõåõ¡ æóÔóÇÈøñ äóÔóÃó Ýöí ÚöÈóÇÏóÉö Çááøóåö¡ æóÑóÌõáñ ÏóÚóÊúåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ ÐóÇÊõ ãóäúÕöÈò æóÌóãóÇáò¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøöí ÃóÎóÇÝõ Çááøóåó» .
æóÇáúãóÞúÕõæÏõ ÃóäøóåóÇ ÏóÚóÊúåõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ¡ æóÍóÑóÕóÊú Úóáóì Ðóáößó ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúÍöÑúÕö. ÝóÞóÇáó: {ãóÚóÇÐó Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõ ÑóÈøöí} [íæÓÝ: 23] . íóÚúäöí ÒóæúÌóåóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈó ÇáúãóäúÒöáö ÓóíøöÏöí ÃóÍúÓóäó ãóËúæóÇíó Ãóíú ÃóÍúÓóäó Åöáóíøó¡ æóÃóßúÑóãó ãõÞóÇãöí ÚöäúÏóåõ {Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íõÝúáöÍõ ÇáÙøóÇáöãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 23] . æóÞóÏú ÊóßóáøóãúäóÇ Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: {æóáóÞóÏú åóãøóÊú Èöåö æóåóãøó ÈöåóÇ áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÑóÃóì ÈõÑúåóÇäó ÑóÈøöåö} [íæÓÝ: 24] . ÈöãóÇ Ýöíåö ßöÝóÇíóÉñ¡ æóãóÞúäóÚñ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö.
æóÃóßúËóÑõ ÃóÞúæóÇáö ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó åóÇåõäóÇ ãõÊóáóÞøðì ãöäú ßõÊõÈö Ãóåúáö

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ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝóÇáúÅöÚúÑóÇÖõ Úóäúåõ Ãóæúáóì ÈöäóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí íóÌöÈõ Ãóäú íõÚúÊóÞóÏó Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÚóÕóãóåõ æóÈóÑøóÃóåõ æóäóÒøóåóåõ Úóäö ÇáúÝóÇÍöÔóÉö æóÍóãóÇåõ ÚóäúåóÇ æóÕóÇäóåõ ãöäúåóǺ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ßóÐóáößó áöäóÕúÑöÝó Úóäúåõ ÇáÓøõæÁó æóÇáúÝóÍúÔóÇÁó Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ÚöÈóÇÏöäóÇ ÇáúãõÎúáóÕöíäó æóÇÓúÊóÈóÞóÇ ÇáúÈóÇÈó} [íæÓÝ: 24] . Ãóíú åóÑóÈó ãöäúåóÇ ØóÇáöÈðÇ Åöáóì ÇáúÈóÇÈö áöíóÎúÑõÌó ãöäúåõ ÝöÑóÇÑðÇ ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚóÊúåõ Ýöí ÃóËóÑöåö: æóÃóáúÝóíóÇ: Ãóíú æóÌóÏóÇ ÓóíøöÏóåóÇ Ãóíú ÒóæúÌóåóÇ áóÏóì ÇáúÈóÇÈö¡ ÝóÈóÇÏóÑóÊúåõ ÈöÇáúßóáóÇãö æóÍóÑøóÖóÊúåõ Úóáóíúåö {ÞóÇáóÊú ãóÇ ÌóÒóÇÁõ ãóäú ÃóÑóÇÏó ÈöÃóåúáößó ÓõæÁðÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÓúÌóäó Ãóæú ÚóÐóÇÈñ Ãóáöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 25] . ÇÊøóåóãóÊúåõ æóåöíó ÇáúãõÊøóåóãóÉõ æóÈóÑøóÃóÊú ÚöÑúÖóåóÇ æóäóÒøóåóÊú ÓóÇÍóÊóåóÇ¡ ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: {åöíó ÑóÇæóÏóÊúäöí Úóäú äóÝúÓöí} [íæÓÝ: 26] . ÇÍúÊóÇÌó Åöáóì Ãóäú íóÞõæáó ÇáúÍóÞøó ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÍóÇÌóÉö. æóÔóåöÏó ÔóÇåöÏñ ãöäú ÃóåúáöåóÇ Þöíáó: ßóÇäó ÕóÛöíÑðÇ Ýöí ÇáúãóåúÏö ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò. æóÑõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ æóåöáóÇáö Èúäö íóÓóÇÝò¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäö ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøö¡ æóÓóÚöíÏö Èúäö ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßö¡ æóÇÎúÊóÇÑóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò. æóÑóæóì Ýöíåö ÍóÏöíËðÇ ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóæóÞóÝóåõ ÛóíúÑõåõ Úóäúåõ. æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÞóÑöíÈðÇ Åöáóì ÃóØúÝöíÑó ÈóÚúáöåóÇ. æóÞöíáó: ÞóÑöíÈðÇ ÅöáóíúåóÇ. æóãöãøóäú ÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõ ßóÇäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉõ¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÒóíúÏõ Èúäõ ÃóÓúáóãó. ÝóÞóÇáó: {Åöäú ßóÇäó ÞóãöíÕõåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÞõÈõáò ÝóÕóÏóÞóÊú æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáúßóÇÐöÈöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 26] . Ãóíú áöÃóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ÞóÏú ÑóÇæóÏóåóÇ ÝóÏóÇÝóÚóÊúåõ ÍóÊøóì ÞóÏøóÊú ãõÞóÏøóãó ÞóãöíÕöåö: {æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÞóãöíÕõåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÏõÈõÑò ÝóßóÐóÈóÊú æóåõæó ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 27] . Ãóíú áöÃóäøóåõ íóßõæäõ ÞóÏú åóÑóÈó ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÇÊøóÈóÚóÊúåõ¡ æóÊóÚóáøóÞóÊú Ýöíåö ÝóÇäúÔóÞøó ÞóãöíÕõåõ áöÐóáößó¡ æóßóÐóáößó ßóÇäóº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ÞóãöíÕóåõ ÞõÏøó ãöäú ÏõÈõÑò ÞóÇáó Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ßóíúÏößõäøó Åöäøó ßóíúÏóßõäøó ÚóÙöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 28] .

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Ãóíú åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÌóÑóì ãöäú ãóßúÑößõäøó ÃóäúÊö ÑóÇæóÏúÊöåö Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÊøóåóãúÊöåö ÈöÇáúÈóÇØöáö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÖúÑóÈó ÈóÚúáõåóÇ Úóäú åóÐóÇ ÕóÝúÍðÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó: {íõæÓõÝõ ÃóÚúÑöÖú Úóäú åóÐóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 29] . Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóÐúßõÑõåõ áöÃóÍóÏò áöÃóäøó ßöÊúãóÇäó ãöËúáö åóÐöåö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö åõæó ÇáúÃóáúíóÞõ æóÇáúÃóÍúÓóäõ¡ æóÃóãóÑóåóÇ ÈöÇáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö áöÐóäúÈöåóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÕóÏóÑó ãöäúåóÇ æóÇáÊøóæúÈóÉö Åöáóì ÑóÈøöåóÇ¡ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúÚóÈúÏó ÅöÐóÇ ÊóÇÈó Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÊóÇÈó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóÃåúáõ ãöÕúÑó æóÅöäú ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÈõÏõæäó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãó ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó Ãóäøó ÇáøóÐöí íóÛúÝöÑõ ÇáÐøõäõæÈó¡ æóíõÄóÇÎöÐõ ÈöåóÇ åõæó Çááøóåõ æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößóº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó áóåóÇ ÈóÚúáõåóÇ æóÚóÐóÑóåóÇ ãöäú ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúæõÌõæåöº áöÃóäøóåóÇ ÑóÃóÊú ãóÇ áóÇ ÕóÈúÑó áóåóÇ Úóáóì ãöËúáöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÝöíÝñ äóÒöíåñ ÈóÑöÆõ ÇáúÚöÑúÖö Óóáöíãõ ÇáäøóÇÍöíóÉö ÝóÞóÇáó: {æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑöí áöÐóäúÈößö Åöäøóßö ßõäúÊö ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇØöÆöíäó æóÞóÇáó äöÓúæóÉñ Ýöí ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÊõÑóÇæöÏõ ÝóÊóÇåóÇ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ÞóÏú ÔóÛóÝóåóÇ ÍõÈøðÇ ÅöäøóÇ áóäóÑóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò ÝóáóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚóÊú ÈöãóßúÑöåöäøó ÃóÑúÓóáóÊú Åöáóíúåöäøó æóÃóÚúÊóÏóÊú áóåõäøó ãõÊøóßóÃð æóÂÊóÊú ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåõäøó ÓößøöíäðÇ æóÞóÇáóÊö ÇÎúÑõÌú Úóáóíúåöäøó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóíúäóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑúäóåõ æóÞóØøóÚúäó ÃóíúÏöíóåõäøó æóÞõáúäó ÍóÇÔó áöáøóåö ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóáóßñ ßóÑöíãñ ÞóÇáóÊú ÝóÐóáößõäøó ÇáøóÐöí áõãúÊõäøóäöí Ýöíåö æóáóÞóÏú ÑóÇæóÏúÊõåõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÇÓúÊóÚúÕóãó æóáóÆöäú áóãú íóÝúÚóáú ãóÇ ÂãõÑõåõ áóíõÓúÌóäóäøó æóáóíóßõæäóäú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÛöÑöíäó ÞóÇáó ÑóÈøö ÇáÓøöÌúäõ ÃóÍóÈøõ Åöáóíøó ãöãøóÇ íóÏúÚõæäóäöí Åöáóíúåö æóÅöáøóÇ ÊóÕúÑöÝú Úóäøöí ßóíúÏóåõäøó ÃóÕúÈõ Åöáóíúåöäøó æóÃóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈó áóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÕóÑóÝó Úóäúåõ ßóíúÏóåõäøó Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ} [íæÓÝ: 29]
[íõæÓõÝó: 30 - 34] . íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÞöÈóáö äöÓóÇÁö ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉö íóÚúäöí ãöÕúÑó ãöäú äöÓóÇÁö ÇáúÃõãóÑóÇÁö æóÈóäóÇÊö ÇáúßõÈóÑóÇÁö Ýöí ÇáØøóÚúäö Úóáóì ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóÚóíúÈöåóÇ æóÇáÊøóÔúäöíÚö ÚóáóíúåóÇ Ýöí ãõÑóÇæóÏóÊöåóÇ ÝóÊóÇåóÇ æóÍõÈøöåóÇ ÇáÔøóÏöíÏö áóåõ¡ íóÚúäöíäó:

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æóåõæó áóÇ íõÓóÇæöí åóÐóÇ áöÃóäøóåõ ãóæúáðì ãöäó ÇáúãóæóÇáöí¡ æóáóíúÓó ãöËúáõåõ ÃóåúáðÇ áöåóÐóǺ æóáöåóÐóÇ Þõáúäó: {ÅöäøóÇ áóäóÑóÇåóÇ Ýöí ÖóáóÇáò ãõÈöíäò} [íæÓÝ: 30] . Ãóíú Ýöí æóÖúÚöåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúÁó Ýöí ÛóíúÑö ãóÍóáøöåö {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÓóãöÚóÊú ÈöãóßúÑöåöäøó} [íæÓÝ: 31] . Ãóíú ÈöÊóÔúäöíÚöåöäøó ÚóáóíúåóÇ æóÇáÊøóäóÞøõÕö áóåóÇ¡ æóÇáúÅöÔóÇÑóÉö ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÈöÇáúÚóíúÈö æóÇáúãóÐóãøóÉö ÈöÍõÈøö ãóæúáóÇåóÇ æóÚöÔúÞö ÝóÊóÇåóÇ ÝóÃóÙúåóÑúäó ÐóãøðÇ¡ æóåöíó ãóÚúÐõæÑóÉñ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÃóÍóÈøóÊú Ãóäú ÊóÈúÓõØó ÚõÐúÑóåóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõäøó æóÊõÈóíøöäó Ãóäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáúÝóÊóì áóíúÓó ßóãóÇ ÍóÓöÈúäó æóáóÇ ãöäú ÞóÈöíáö ãóÇ áóÏóíúåöäøó¡ ÝóÃóÑúÓóáóÊú Åöáóíúåöäøó ÝóÌóãóÚóÊúåõäøó Ýöí ãóäúÒöáöåóÇ¡ æóÃóÚúÊóÏóÊú áóåõäøó ÖöíóÇÝóÉó ãöËúáöåöäøó¡ æóÃóÍúÖóÑóÊú Ýöí ÌõãúáóÉö Ðóáößó ÔóíúÆðÇ ãöãøóÇ íõÞúØóÚõ ÈöÇáÓøóßóÇßöíäö ßóÇáúÃõÊúÑõÌøö æóäóÍúæöåö. {æóÂÊóÊú ßõáøó æóÇÍöÏóÉò ãöäúåõäøó ÓößøöíäðÇ} [íæÓÝ: 31] ¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÞóÏú åóíøóÃóÊú íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ æóÃóáúÈóÓóÊúåõ ÃóÍúÓóäó ÇáËøöíóÇÈö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ØóÑóÇæóÉö ÇáÔøóÈóÇÈö¡ æóÃóãóÑóÊúåõ ÈöÇáúÎõÑõæÌö Úóáóíúåöäøó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáóÉö ÝóÎóÑóÌó æóåõæó ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏúÑö áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóíúäóåõ ÃóßúÈóÑúäóåõ} [íæÓÝ: 31] . Ãóíú ÃóÚúÙóãúäóåõ æóÃóÌúáóáúäóåõ æóåöÈúäóåõ¡ æóãóÇ Ùóäóäøó Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãöËúáõ åóÐóÇ Ýöí Èóäöí ÂÏóãó æóÈóåóÑóåõäøó ÍõÓúäõåõ ÍóÊøóì ÇÔúÊóÛóáúäó Úóäú ÃóäúÝõÓöåöäøó¡ æóÌóÚóáúäó íóÍúÒõÒúäó Ýöí ÃóíúÏöíåöäøó ÈöÊöáúßó ÇáÓøóßóÇßöíäö¡ æóáóÇ íóÔúÚõÑúäó ÈöÇáúÌöÑóÇÍö {æóÞõáúäó ÍóÇÔó áöáøóåö ãóÇ åóÐóÇ ÈóÔóÑðÇ Åöäú åóÐóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóáóßñ ßóÑöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 31] .
æóÞóÏú ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËö ÇáúÅöÓúÑóÇÁö «ÝóãóÑóÑúÊõ ÈöíõæÓõÝó¡ æóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ÞóÏú ÃõÚúØöíó ÔóØúÑó ÇáúÍõÓúäö» . ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõåóíúáöíøõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÆöãøóÉö: ãóÚúäóÇåõ Ãóäøóåõ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÍõÓúäö ÂÏóãó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ áöÃóäøó Çááøóåó ÊóÚóÇáóì ÎóáóÞó ÂÏóãó ÈöíóÏöåö æóäóÝóÎó Ýöíåö ãöäú ÑõæÍöåö ÝóßóÇäó Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö äöåóÇíóÇÊö ÇáúÍõÓúäö ÇáúÈóÔóÑöíøöº æóáöåóÐóÇ íóÏúÎõáõ Ãóåúáõ ÇáúÌóäøóÉö ÇáúÌóäøóÉó Úóáóì Øõæáö ÂÏóãó æóÍõÓúäöåö¡ æóíõæÓõÝõ ßóÇäó Úóáóì ÇáäøöÕúÝö ãöäú ÍõÓúäö ÂÏóãó æóáóãú íóßõäú ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ÃóÍúÓóäõ ãöäúåõãóÇ¡ ßóãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãú Êóßõäú ÃõäúËóì ÈóÚúÏó ÍóæøóÇÁó ÃóÔóÈúåó ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÓóÇÑóÉó ÇãúÑóÃóÉö ÇáúÎóáöíáö Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò: æóßóÇäó æóÌúåõ íõæÓõÝó ãöËúáó ÇáúÈóÑúÞö¡ æóßóÇäó ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÊóÊúåõ

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ÇãúÑóÃóÉñ áöÍóÇÌóÉò ÛóØøóì æóÌúåóåõ. æóÞóÇáó ÛóíúÑõåõ: ßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáúÛóÇáöÈö ãõÈóÑúÞóÚðÇ áöÆóáøóÇ íóÑóÇåõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ. æóáöåóÐóÇ áóãøóÇ ÞóÇãó ÚóÐóÑó ÇãúÑóÃóÉó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö Ýöí ãóÍóÈøóÊöåóÇ áöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÚúäóì ÇáúãóÐúßõæÑö¡ æóÌóÑóì áóåõäøó æóÚóáóíúåöäøó ãóÇ ÌóÑóì ãöäú ÊóÞúØöíÚö ÃóíúÏöíåöäøó ÈöÌöÑóÇÍö ÇáÓøóßóÇßöíäö¡ æóãóÇ ÑóßöÈóåõäøó ãöäó ÇáúãóåóÇÈóÉö¡ æóÇáÏøóåóÔö ÚöäúÏó ÑõÄúíóÊöåö¡ æóãõÚóÇíóäóÊöåö ÞóÇáóÊú: {ÝóÐóáößõäøó ÇáøóÐöí áõãúÊõäøóäöí Ýöíåö} [íæÓÝ: 32] Ëõãøó ãóÏóÍóÊúåõ ÈöÇáúÚöÝøóÉö ÇáÊøóÇãøóÉö ÝóÞóÇáóÊú: {æóáóÞóÏú ÑóÇæóÏúÊõåõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö ÝóÇÓúÊóÚúÕóãó} [íæÓÝ: 32] . Ãóíö ÇãúÊóäóÚó {æóáóÆöäú áóãú íóÝúÚóáú ãóÇ ÂãõÑõåõ áóíõÓúÌóäóäøó æóáóíóßõæäóäú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÛöÑöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 32] . æóßóÇäó ÈóÞöíøóÉõ ÇáäøöÓóÇÁö ÍóÑøóÖúäóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÓøóãúÚö æóÇáØøóÇÚóÉö áöÓóíøöÏóÊöåö ÝóÃóÈóì ÃóÔóÏøó ÇáúÅöÈóÇÁö æóäóÃóì áöÃóäøóåõ ãöäú ÓõáóÇáóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö¡ æóÏóÚóÇ ÝóÞóÇáó Ýöí ÏõÚóÇÆöåö áöÑóÈøö ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó: {ÑóÈøö ÇáÓøöÌúäõ ÃóÍóÈøõ Åöáóíøó ãöãøóÇ íóÏúÚõæäóäöí Åöáóíúåö æóÅöáøóÇ ÊóÕúÑöÝú Úóäøöí ßóíúÏóåõäøó ÃóÕúÈõ Åöáóíúåöäøó æóÃóßõäú ãöäó ÇáúÌóÇåöáöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 33] . íóÚúäöí: Åöäú æóßóáúÊóäöí Åöáóì äóÝúÓöí ÝóáóíúÓó áöí ãöäú äóÝúÓöí ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÚóÌúÒõ æóÇáÖøóÚúÝõ¡ æóáóÇ Ãóãúáößõ áöäóÝúÓöí äóÝúÚðÇ æóáóÇ ÖóÑøðÇ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÝóÃóäóÇ ÖóÚöíÝñ ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÞóæøóíúÊóäöí æóÚóÕóãúÊóäöí æóÍóÝöÙúÊóäöí æóÍõØúÊóäöí ÈöÍóæúáößó æóÞõæøóÊößó. æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÇÈó áóåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóÕóÑóÝó Úóäúåõ ßóíúÏóåõäøó Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáÓøóãöíÚõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ} [íæÓÝ: 34] .

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{Ëõãøó ÈóÏóÇ áóåõãú ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö ãóÇ ÑóÃóæõÇ ÇáúÂíóÇÊö áóíóÓúÌõäõäøóåõ ÍóÊøóì Íöíäò æóÏóÎóáó ãóÚóåõ ÇáÓøöÌúäó ÝóÊóíóÇäö ÞóÇáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ Åöäøöí ÃóÑóÇäöí ÃóÚúÕöÑõ ÎóãúÑðÇ æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÂÎóÑõ Åöäøöí ÃóÑóÇäöí ÃóÍúãöáõ ÝóæúÞó ÑóÃúÓöí ÎõÈúÒðÇ ÊóÃúßõáõ ÇáØøóíúÑõ ãöäúåõ äóÈøöÆúäóÇ ÈöÊóÃúæöíáöåö ÅöäøóÇ äóÑóÇßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÞóÇáó áóÇ íóÃúÊöíßõãóÇ ØóÚóÇãñ ÊõÑúÒóÞóÇäöåö ÅöáøóÇ äóÈøóÃúÊõßõãóÇ ÈöÊóÃúæöíáöåö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóßõãóÇ ÐóáößõãóÇ ãöãøóÇ Úóáøóãóäöí ÑóÈøöí Åöäøöí ÊóÑóßúÊõ ãöáøóÉó Þóæúãò áóÇ íõÄúãöäõæäó ÈöÇááøóåö æóåõãú ÈöÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö åõãú ßóÇÝöÑõæäó æóÇÊøóÈóÚúÊõ ãöáøóÉó ÂÈóÇÆöí ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó ãóÇ ßóÇäó áóäóÇ Ãóäú äõÔúÑößó ÈöÇááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ðóáößó ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÚóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó íóÇÕóÇÍöÈóíö ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÃóÃóÑúÈóÇÈñ ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞõæäó ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãö Çááøóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÁð ÓóãøóíúÊõãõæåóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö ÃóãóÑó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ Ðóáößó ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãõ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó íóÇÕóÇÍöÈóíö ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÍóÏõßõãóÇ ÝóíóÓúÞöí ÑóÈøóåõ ÎóãúÑðÇ æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÝóíõÕúáóÈõ ÝóÊóÃúßõáõ ÇáØøóíúÑõ ãöäú ÑóÃúÓöåö ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÊóÓúÊóÝúÊöíóÇäö} [íæÓÝ: 35]
[íõæÓõÝó: 35 - 41] .

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íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäö ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö æóÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö Ãóäøóåõãú ÈóÏóÇ áóåõãú Ãóíú ÙóåóÑó áóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÑøóÃúíö ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ ÚóáöãõæÇ ÈóÑóÇÁóÉó íõæÓõÝó Ãóäú íóÓúÌõäõæåõ Åöáóì æóÞúÊò áöíóßõæäó Ðóáößó ÃóÞóáøó áößóáóÇãö ÇáäøóÇÓö Ýöí Êöáúßó ÇáúÞóÖöíøóÉö¡ æóÃóÎúãóÏó áöÃóãúÑöåóÇ æóáöíõÙúåöÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÑóÇæóÏóåóÇ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåóÇ ÝóÓõÌöäó ÈöÓóÈóÈöåóÇ¡ ÝóÓóÌóäõæåõ ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõÏúæóÇäðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÞóÏøóÑó Çááøóåõ áóåõ¡ æóãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ãóÇ ÚóÕóãóåõ Èöåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÃóÈúÚóÏõ áóåõ Úóäú ãõÚóÇÔóÑóÊöåöãú æóãõÎóÇáóØóÊöåöãú¡ æóãöäú åóÇåõäóÇ ÇÓúÊóäúÈóØó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÕøõæÝöíøóÉö ãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ Úóäúåõãõ ÇáÔøóÇÝöÚöíøõ Ãóäøó ãöäó ÇáúÚöÕúãóÉö Ãóäú áóÇ ÊóÌöÏó. ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÏóÎóáó ãóÚóåõ ÇáÓøöÌúäó ÝóÊóíóÇäö} [íæÓÝ: 36] . Þöíáó: ßóÇäó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ ÓóÇÞöíó Çáúãóáößö¡ æóÇÓúãõåõ ÝöíãóÇ Þöíáó: Èóäõæ. æóÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÎóÈøóÇÒóåõ íóÚúäöí ÇáøóÐöí íóáöí ØóÚóÇãóåõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÞõæáõ áóåõ ÇáÊøõÑúßõ: ÇáúÌóÇÔóäúßöíÑõ¡ æóÇÓúãõåõ ÝöíãóÇ Þöíáó: ãóÌúáóËõ. ßóÇäó Çáúãóáößõ ÞóÏö ÇÊøóåóãóåõãóÇ Ýöí ÈóÚúÖö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÝóÓóÌóäóåõãóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóíóÇ íõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÃóÚúÌóÈóåõãóÇ ÓóãúÊõåõ æóåóÏúíõåõ æóÏóáøõåõ æóØóÑöíÞóÊõåõ æóÞóæúáõåõ æóÝöÚúáõåõ æóßóËúÑóÉõ ÚöÈóÇÏóÊöåö ÑóÈøóåõ æóÅöÍúÓóÇäõåõ Åöáóì ÎóáúÞöåö¡ ÝóÑóÃóì ßõáøõ æóÇÍöÏò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÑõÄúíóÇ ÊõäóÇÓöÈõåõ ÞóÇáó Ãóåúáõ ÇáÊøóÝúÓöíÑö: ÑóÃóíóÇ Ýöí áóíúáóÉò æóÇÍöÏóÉò ÃóãøóÇ ÇáÓøóÇÞöí ÝóÑóÃóì ßóÃóäøó ËóáóÇËó ÞõÖúÈóÇäò ãöäú ÍóÈúáóÉò ÞóÏú ÃóæúÑóÞóÊú æóÃóíúäóÚóÊú ÚóäóÇÞöíÏõ ÇáúÚöäóÈö ÝóÃóÎóÐóåóÇ ÝóÇÚúÊóÕóÑóåóÇ Ýöí ßóÃúÓö Çáúãóáößö æóÓóÞóÇåõ¡ æóÑóÃóì ÇáúÎóÈøóÇÒõ

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Úóáóì ÑóÃúÓöåö ËóáóÇËó ÓöáóÇáò ãöäú ÎõÈúÒò¡ æóÖóæóÇÑöí ÇáØøõíõæÑö ÊóÃúßõáõ ãöäó ÇáÓøóáøö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì. ÝóÞóÕøóÇåóÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóØóáóÈóÇ ãöäúåõ Ãóäú íóÚúÈõÑóåõãóÇ áóåõãóÇ¡ æóÞóÇáóÇ: {ÅöäøóÇ äóÑóÇßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 36] . ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõãóÇ Ãóäøóåõ Úóáöíãñ ÈöÊóÚúÈöíÑöåöãóÇ ÎóÈöíÑñ ÈöÃóãúÑöåöãóÇ. æó {ÞóÇáó áóÇ íóÃúÊöíßõãóÇ ØóÚóÇãñ ÊõÑúÒóÞóÇäöåö ÅöáøóÇ äóÈøóÃúÊõßõãóÇ ÈöÊóÃúæöíáöåö ÞóÈúáó Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóßõãóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 37] . Þöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ ãóåúãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãóÇ ãöäú Íõáúãò ÝóÅöäøöí ÃóÚúÈõÑõåõ áóßõãóÇ ÞóÈúáó æõÞõæÚöåö¡ Ýóíóßõæäõ ßóãóÇ ÃóÞõæáõ. æóÞöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ Åöäøöí ÃõÎúÈöÑõßõãóÇ ÈöãóÇ íóÃúÊöíßõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáØøóÚóÇãö ÞóÈúáó ãóÌöíÆöåö ÍõáúæðÇ Ãóæú ÍóÇãöÖðÇ. ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÚöíÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ: {æóÃõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöãóÇ ÊóÃúßõáõæäó æóãóÇ ÊóÏøóÎöÑõæäó Ýöí ÈõíõæÊößõãú} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 49] . æóÞóÇáó áóåõãóÇ Åöäøó åóÐóÇ ãöäú ÊóÚúáöíãö Çááøóåö ÅöíøóÇíó áöÃóäøöí ãõÄúãöäñ Èöåö ãõæóÍøöÏñ áóåõ ãõÊøóÈöÚñ ãöáøóÉó ÂÈóÇÆöí ÇáúßöÑóÇãö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó ÇáúÎóáöíáö æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóíóÚúÞõæÈó {ãóÇ ßóÇäó áóäóÇ Ãóäú äõÔúÑößó ÈöÇááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Ðóáößó ãöäú ÝóÖúáö Çááøóåö ÚóáóíúäóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 38] . Ãóíú ÈöÃóäú åóÏóÇäóÇ áöåóÐóÇ {æóÚóáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö} [íæÓÝ: 38] Ãóíú ÈöÃóäú ÃóãóÑóäóÇ Ãóäú äóÏúÚõæóåõãú Åöáóíúåö æóäõÑúÔöÏóåõãú æóäóÏõáøóåõãú Úóáóíúåö¡ æóåõæó Ýöí ÝöØóÑöåöãú ãóÑúßõæÒñ¡ æóÝöí ÌöÈöáøóÊöåöãú ãóÛúÑõæÒñ {æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÔúßõÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 38] .
Ëõãøó ÏóÚóÇåõãú Åöáóì ÇáÊøóæúÍöíÏö¡ æóÐóãøó ÚöÈóÇÏóÉó ãóÇ Óöæóì Çááøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó¡ æóÕóÛøóÑó ÃóãúÑó ÇáúÃóÕúäóÇãö æóÍóÞøóÑóåóÇ æóÖóÚøóÝó ÃóãúÑóåóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó: {íóÇÕóÇÍöÈóíö ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÃóÃóÑúÈóÇÈñ ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞõæäó ÎóíúÑñ Ãóãö Çááøóåõ ÇáúæóÇÍöÏõ ÇáúÞóåøóÇÑõ ãóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæäó ãöäú Ïõæäöåö ÅöáøóÇ ÃóÓúãóÇÁð ÓóãøóíúÊõãõæåóÇ ÃóäúÊõãú æóÂÈóÇÄõßõãú ãóÇ ÃóäúÒóáó Çááøóåõ ÈöåóÇ ãöäú ÓõáúØóÇäò Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö} [íæÓÝ: 39] . Ãóíú åõæó ÇáúãõÊóÕóÑøöÝõ Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö ÇáúÝóÚøóÇáõ áöãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ ÇáøóÐöí íóåúÏöí ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóíõÖöáøõ ãóäú íóÔóÇÁõ

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{ÃóãóÑó ÃóáøóÇ ÊóÚúÈõÏõæÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÅöíøóÇåõ} [íæÓÝ: 40] . Ãóíú æóÍúÏóåõ áóÇ ÔóÑöíßó áóåõ {Ðóáößó ÇáÏøöíäõ ÇáúÞóíøöãõ} [íæÓÝ: 40] Ãóíö ÇáúãõÓúÊóÞöíãõ æóÇáÕøöÑóÇØõ ÇáúÞóæöíãõ {æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 40] . Ãóíú Ýóåõãú áóÇ íóåúÊóÏõæäó Åöáóíúåö ãóÚó æõÖõæÍöåö æóÙõåõæÑöåö¡ æóßóÇäóÊú ÏóÚúæóÊõåõ áóåõãóÇ Ýöí åóÐöåö ÇáúÍóÇáö Ýöí ÛóÇíóÉö ÇáúßóãóÇáöº áöÃóäøó äõÝõæÓóåõãóÇ ãõÚóÙøöãóÉñ áóåõ ãõäúÈóÚöËóÉñ Úóáóì ÊóáóÞøöí ãóÇ íóÞõæáõ ÈöÇáúÞóÈõæáö ÝóäóÇÓóÈó Ãóäú íóÏúÚõæóåõãóÇ Åöáóì ãóÇ åõæó ÇáúÃóäúÝóÚõ áóåõãóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÓóÃóáóÇ Úóäúåõ æóØóáóÈóÇ ãöäúåõ¡ Ëõãøó áóãøóÇ ÞóÇãó ÈöãóÇ æóÌóÈó Úóáóíúåö æóÃóÑúÔóÏó Åöáóì ãóÇ ÃóÑúÔóÏó Åöáóíúåö ÞóÇáó: {íóÇ ÕóÇÍöÈóíö ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÃóãøóÇ ÃóÍóÏõßõãóÇ ÝóíóÓúÞöí ÑóÈøóåõ ÎóãúÑðÇ} [íæÓÝ: 41] . ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóåõæó ÇáÓøóÇÞöí {æóÃóãøóÇ ÇáúÂÎóÑõ ÝóíõÕúáóÈõ ÝóÊóÃúßõáõ ÇáØøóíúÑõ ãöäú ÑóÃúÓöåö} [íæÓÝ: 41] . ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóåõæó ÇáúÎóÈøóÇÒõ {ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÊóÓúÊóÝúÊöíóÇäö} [íæÓÝ: 41] . Ãóíú æóÞóÚó åóÐóÇ áóÇ ãóÍóÇáóÉó æóæóÌóÈó ßóæúäõåõ Úóáóì ßõáøö ÍóÇáóÉòº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÌóÇÁó Ýöí ÇáúÍóÏöíËö «ÇáÑøõÄúíóÇ Úóáóì ÑöÌúáö ØóÇÆöÑò ãóÇ áóãú ÊõÚóÈøóÑú ÝóÅöÐóÇ ÚõÈøöÑóÊú æóÞóÚóÊú» .
æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏò¡ æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÒóíúÏö Èúäö ÃóÓúáóãó ÃóäøóåõãóÇ ÞóÇáóÇ: áóãú äóÑó ÔóíúÆðÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó áóåõãóÇ: {ÞõÖöíó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ÇáøóÐöí Ýöíåö ÊóÓúÊóÝúÊöíóÇäö} [íæÓÝ: 41] . {æóÞóÇáó áöáøóÐöí Ùóäøó Ãóäøóåõ äóÇÌò ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇÐúßõÑúäöí ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÐößúÑó ÑóÈøöåö ÝóáóÈöËó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÈöÖúÚó Óöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 42] . [íõæÓõÝó: 42] íõÎúÈöÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Ãóäøó íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÞóÇáó áöáøóÐöí Ùóäøó Ãóäøóåõ äóÇÌò ãöäúåõãóÇ æóåõæó ÇáÓøóÇÞöí: {ÇÐúßõÑúäöí ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó} [íæÓÝ: 42] . íóÚúäöí ÇÐúßõÑú ÃóãúÑöí¡ æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáÓøóÌúäö ÈöÛóíúÑö ÌõÑúãò ÚöäúÏó Çáúãóáößö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ÇáÓøóÚúíö Ýöí ÇáúÃóÓúÈóÇÈö¡ æóáóÇ íõäóÇÝöí Ðóáößó ÇáÊøóæóßøõáó Úóáóì ÑóÈøö ÇáúÃóÑúÈóÇÈö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÐößúÑó ÑóÈøöåö} [íæÓÝ: 42] . Ãóíú ÝóÃóäúÓóì ÇáäøóÇÌöíó ãöäúåõãóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ

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Ãóäú íóÐúßõÑó ãóÇ æóÕøóÇåõ Èöåö íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÞóÇáóåõ ãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò. æóåõæó ÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ¡ æóåõæó ãóäúÕõæÕõ Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö {ÝóáóÈöËó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÈöÖúÚó Óöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 42] . æóÇáúÈöÖúÚõ: ãóÇ Èóíúäó ÇáËøóáóÇËö Åöáóì ÇáÊøöÓúÚö. æóÞöíáó: Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÈúÚö. æóÞöíáó: Åöáóì ÇáúÎóãúÓö. æóÞöíáó: ãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÚóÔóÑóÉö. ÍóßóÇåóÇ ÇáËøóÚúáóÈöíøõ. æóíõÞóÇáõ: ÈöÖúÚõ äöÓúæóÉò¡ æóÈöÖúÚóÉõ ÑöÌóÇáò æóãóäóÚó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ ÇÓúÊöÚúãóÇáó ÇáúÈöÖúÚö ÝöíãóÇ Ïõæäó ÇáúÚóÔúÑö. ÞóÇáó: æóÅöäøóãóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: äóíøöÝñ. æóÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóáóÈöËó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÈöÖúÚó Óöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 42] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Ýöí ÈöÖúÚö Óöäöíäó} [ÇáÑæã: 4] . æóåóÐóÇ ÑóÏøñ áöÞóæúáöåö ÞóÇáó ÇáúÝóÑøóÇÁõ: æóíõÞóÇáõ: ÈöÖúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó¡ æóÈöÖúÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó. Åöáóì ÇáÊøöÓúÚöíäó¡ æóáóÇ íõÞóÇáõ: ÈöÖúÚñ æóãöÇÆóÉñ¡ æóÈöÖúÚñ æóÃóáúÝñ. æóÎóÇáóÝó ÇáúÌóæúåóÑöíøõ ÝöíãóÇ ÒóÇÏó Úóáóì ÈöÖúÚóÉó ÚóÔóÑó¡ ÝóãóäóÚó Ãóäú íõÞóÇáó: ÈöÖúÚóÉñ æóÚöÔúÑõæäó. Åöáóì ÊöÓúÚöíäó¡ æóÝöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö «ÇáúÅöíãóÇäõ ÈöÖúÚñ æóÓöÊøõæäó» . æóÝöí ÑöæóÇíóÉò «æóÓóÈúÚõæäó ÔõÚúÈóÉð ÃóÚúáóÇåóÇ Þóæúáõ: áóÇ Åöáóåó ÅöáøóÇ Çááøóåõ. æóÃóÏúäóÇåóÇ ÅöãóÇØóÉõ ÇáúÃóÐóì Úóäö ÇáØøóÑöíÞö» .
æóãóäú ÞóÇáó: Åöäøó ÇáÖøóãöíÑó Ýöí Þóæúáöåö: {ÝóÃóäúÓóÇåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÐößúÑó ÑóÈøöåö} [íæÓÝ: 42] . ÚóÇÆöÏñ Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó. ÝóÞóÏú ÖóÚõÝó ãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ¡ æóÅöäú ßóÇäó ÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉó. æóÇáúÍóÏöíËõ ÇáøóÐöí ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí åóÐóÇ ÇáúãóæúÖöÚö ÖóÚöíÝñ ãöäú ßõáøö æóÌúåòº

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ÝóÃóãøóÇ Þóæúáõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö: ÐößúÑõ ÇáÓøóÈóÈö ÇáøóÐöí ãöäú ÃóÌúáöåö áóÈöËó íõæÓõÝõ Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ãóÇ áóÈöËóº ÃóÎúÈóÑóäóÇ ÇáúÝóÖúáõ Èúäõ ÇáúÍõÈóÇÈö ÇáúÌõãóÍöíøõ¡ ËäÇ ãõÓóÏøóÏõ Èúäõ ãõÓóÑúåóÏò¡ ËäÇ ÎóÇáöÏõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö¡ ËäÇ ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑòæ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓóáóãóÉó¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ íõæÓõÝó áóæúáóÇ ÇáúßóáöãóÉõ ÇáøóÊöí ÞóÇáóåóÇ " {ÇÐúßõÑúäöí ÚöäúÏó ÑóÈøößó} [íæÓÝ: 42] " ãóÇ áóÈöËó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ãóÇ áóÈöËó¡ æóÑóÍöãó Çááøóåõ áõæØðÇ Åöäú ßóÇäó áóíóÃúæöí Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò¡ ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö: " {áóæú Ãóäøó áöí Èößõãú ÞõæøóÉð Ãóæú Âæöí Åöáóì Ñõßúäò ÔóÏöíÏò} [åæÏ: 80] " ÞóÇáó: ÝóãóÇ ÈóÚóËó Çááøóåõ äóÈöíøðÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ ÅöáøóÇ Ýöí ËóÑúæóÉò ãöäú Þóæúãöåö» . ÝóÅöäøóåõ ÍóÏöíËñ ãõäúßóÑñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö. æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÚóãúÑöæ Èúäö ÚóáúÞóãóÉó áóåõ ÃóÔúíóÇÁõ íóäúÝóÑöÏõ ÈöåóÇ æóÝöíåóÇ äóßóÇÑóÉñ¡ æóåóÐöåö ÇááøóÝúÙóÉõ ãöäú ÃóäúßóÑöåóÇ æóÃóÔóÏøöåóÇ¡ æóÇáøóÐöí Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍóíúäö íóÔúåóÏõ ÈöÛóáóØöåóÇ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

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. ÝóÞóÇáó áöÞóæúãöåö æóáöáúãóáößö: {ÃóäóÇ ÃõäóÈøöÆõßõãú ÈöÊóÃúæöíáöåö ÝóÃóÑúÓöáõæäö} [íæÓÝ: 45] . Ãóíú ÝóÃóÑúÓöáõæäöí Åöáóì íõæÓõÝó. ÝóÌóÇÁóåõ ÝóÞóÇáó: {íõæÓõÝõ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞõ ÃóÝúÊöäóÇ Ýöí ÓóÈúÚö ÈóÞóÑóÇÊò ÓöãóÇäò íóÃúßõáõåõäøó ÓóÈúÚñ ÚöÌóÇÝñ æóÓóÈúÚö ÓõäúÈõáóÇÊò ÎõÖúÑò æóÃõÎóÑó íóÇÈöÓóÇÊò áóÚóáøöí ÃóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóì ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 46] . æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøó Çáúãóáößó áóãøóÇ ÐóßóÑóåõ áóåõ ÇáäøóÇÌöí ÇÓúÊóÏúÚóÇåõ Åöáóì ÍóÖúÑóÊöåö¡ æóÞóÕøó Úóáóíúåö ãóÇ ÑóÂåõ ÝóÝóÓøóÑóåõ áóåõ. æóåóÐóÇ ÛóáóØñ¡ æóÇáÕøóæóÇÈõ ãóÇ ÞóÕøóåõ Çááøóåõ Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈöåö ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö áóÇ ãóÇ ÚóÑøóÈóåõ åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáúÌóåóáóÉõ ÇáËøöíÑóÇäõ ãöäú ÞóÑóÇÆöÆó

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æóÑõÈøóÇäò. ÝóÈóÐóáó íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÚöáúãö ÈöáóÇ ÊóÃóÎøõÑò æóáóÇ ÔóÑúØò æóáóÇ ØóáóÈó ÇáúÎõÑõæÌó ÓóÑöíÚðÇ¡ Èóáú ÃóÌóÇÈóåõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÓóÃóáõæÇ¡ æóÚóÈøóÑó áóåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ãóäóÇãö Çáúãóáößö ÇáÏøóÇáøö Úóáóì æõÞõæÚö ÓóÈúÚö Óöäöíäó ãöäó ÇáúÎöÕúÈö æóíóÚúÞõÈõåóÇ ÓóÈúÚñ ÌõÏúÈñ {Ëõãøó íóÃúÊöí ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Ðóáößó ÚóÇãñ Ýöíåö íõÛóÇËõ ÇáäøóÇÓõ} [íæÓÝ: 49] . íóÚúäöí íóÃúÊöíåöãõ ÇáúÛóíúËõ æóÇáúÎöÕúÈõ æóÇáÑøóÝóÇåöíóÉõ {æóÝöíåö íóÚúÕöÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 49] íóÚúäöí ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúÕöÑõæäóåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóÞúÕóÇÈö æóÇáúÃóÚúäóÇÈö æóÇáÒøóíúÊõæäö æóÇáÓøöãúÓöãö æóÛóíúÑöåóÇ. ÝóÚóÈøóÑó áóåõãú æóÚóáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö Ïóáøóåõãú æóÃóÑúÔóÏóåõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ íóÚúÊóãöÏõæäóåõ Ýöí ÍóÇáóÊóíú ÎöÕúÈöåöãú æóÌóÏúÈöåöãú¡ æóãóÇ íóÝúÚóáõæäóåõ ãöäö ÇÏøöÎóÇÑö ÍõÈõæÈö Óöäöíøö ÇáúÎöÕúÈö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÈúÚö ÇáúÃõæóáö Ýöí ÓõäúÈõáöåö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ íõÑúÕóÏõ ÈöÓóÈóÈö ÇáúÃóßúáö¡ æóãöäú ÊóÞúáöíáö ÇáúÈóÐúÑö Ýöí Óöäöíøö ÇáúÌóÏúÈö Ýöí ÇáÓøóÈúÚö ÇáËøóÇäöíóÉö ÅöÐö ÇáúÛóÇáöÈõ Úóáóì ÇáÙøóäøö Ãóäøóåõ áóÇ íóÑõÏøõ ÇáúÈóÐúÑó ãöäó ÇáúÍóÞúáö¡ æóåóÐóÇ íóÏõáøõ Úóáóì ßóãóÇáö ÇáúÚöáúãö¡ æóßóãóÇáö ÇáÑøóÃúíö æóÇáúÝóåúãö.
{æóÞóÇáó Çáúãóáößõ ÇÆúÊõæäöí Èöåö ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÞóÇáó ÇÑúÌöÚú Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó ÝóÇÓúÃóáúåõ ãóÇ ÈóÇáõ ÇáäøöÓúæóÉö ÇááøóÇÊöí ÞóØøóÚúäó ÃóíúÏöíóåõäøó Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí ÈößóíúÏöåöäøó Úóáöíãñ ÞóÇáó ãóÇ ÎóØúÈõßõäøó ÅöÐú ÑóÇæóÏúÊõäøó íõæÓõÝó Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö Þõáúäó ÍóÇÔó áöáøóåö ãóÇ ÚóáöãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÓõæÁò ÞóÇáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ÇáúÂäó ÍóÕúÍóÕó ÇáúÍóÞøõ ÃóäóÇ ÑóÇæóÏúÊõåõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö æóÅöäøóåõ áóãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó Ðóáößó áöíóÚúáóãó Ãóäøöí áóãú ÃóÎõäúåõ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ßóíúÏó ÇáúÎóÇÆöäöíäó æóãóÇ ÃõÈóÑøöÆõ äóÝúÓöí Åöäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó áóÃóãøóÇÑóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÑóÍöãó ÑóÈøöí Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 50]
[íõæÓõÝó: 50 - 53] . áóãøóÇ ÃóÍóÇØó Çáúãóáößõ ÚöáúãðÇ ÈößóãóÇáö Úöáúãö íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóÊóãóÇãö ÚóÞúáöåö æóÑóÃúíöåö ÇáÓøóÏöíÏö æóÝóåúãöåö¡ ÃóãóÑó ÈöÅöÍúÖóÇÑöåö Åöáóì ÍóÖúÑóÊöåö áöíóßõæäó ãöäú ÌõãúáóÉö ÎóÇÕøóÊöåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóÇÁóåõ ÇáÑøóÓõæáõ ÈöÐóáößó ÃóÍóÈøó Ãóäú áóÇ íóÎúÑõÌó ÍóÊøóì íóÊóÈóíøóäó áößõáøö ÃóÍóÏò Ãóäøóåõ ÍõÈöÓó ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõÏúæóÇäðÇ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÈóÑöíÁõ ÇáÓøóÇÍóÉö ãöãøóÇ äóÓóÈõæåõ Åöáóíúåö

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ÈõåúÊóÇäðÇ {ÞóÇáó ÇÑúÌöÚú Åöáóì ÑóÈøößó} [íæÓÝ: 50] . íóÚúäöí Çáúãóáößó {ÝóÇÓúÃóáúåõ ãóÇ ÈóÇáõ ÇáäøöÓúæóÉö ÇááøóÇÊöí ÞóØøóÚúäó ÃóíúÏöíóåõäøó Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí ÈößóíúÏöåöäøó Úóáöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 50] . Þöíáó: ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Åöäøó ÓóíøöÏöí ÇáúÚóÒöíÒó íóÚúáóãõ ÈóÑóÇÁóÊöí ãöãøóÇ äõÓöÈó Åöáóíøó Ãóíú ÝóãõÑö Çáúãóáößó ÝóáúíóÓúÃóáúåõäøó ßóíúÝó ßóÇäó ÇãúÊöäóÇÚöí ÇáÔøóÏöíÏõ ÚöäúÏó ãõÑóÇæóÏóÊöåöäøó ÅöíøóÇíó¡ æóÍóËøöåöäøó áöí Úóáóì ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáøóÐöí áóíúÓó ÈöÑóÔöíÏò æóáóÇ ÓóÏöíÏò. ÝóáóãøóÇ ÓõÆöáúäó Úóäú Ðóáößó ÇÚúÊóÑóÝúäó ÈöãóÇ æóÞóÚó ãöäú ÎóØóÃö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáúÍóãöíÏö {æóÞõáúäó ÍóÇÔó áöáøóåö ãóÇ ÚóáöãúäóÇ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÓõæÁò} [íæÓÝ: 51] . ÝóÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó {ÞóÇáóÊö ÇãúÑóÃóÉõ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö} [íæÓÝ: 51] æóåöíó ÒóáöíÎóÇ {ÇáúÂäó ÍóÕúÍóÕó ÇáúÍóÞøõ} [íæÓÝ: 51] . Ãóíúº ÙóåóÑó æóÊóÈóíøóäó æóæóÖóÍó¡ æóÇáúÍóÞøõ ÃóÍóÞøõ Ãóäú íõÊøóÈóÚó {ÃóäóÇ ÑóÇæóÏúÊõåõ Úóäú äóÝúÓöåö æóÅöäøóåõ áóãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÏöÞöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 51] . Ãóíú ÝöíãóÇ íóÞõæáõåõ ãöäú Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÑöÆñ æóÃóäøóåõ áóãú íõÑóÇæöÏúäöí¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÍõÈöÓó ÙõáúãðÇ æóÚõÏúæóÇäðÇ æóÒõæÑðÇ æóÈõåúÊóÇäðÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {Ðóáößó áöíóÚúáóãó Ãóäøöí áóãú ÃóÎõäúåõ ÈöÇáúÛóíúÈö æóÃóäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íóåúÏöí ßóíúÏó ÇáúÎóÇÆöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 52] . Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö íõæÓõÝó. Ãóíú ÅöäøóãóÇ ØóáóÈúÊõ ÊóÍúÞöíÞó åóÐóÇ áöíóÚúáóãó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ Ãóäøöí áóãú ÃóÎõäúåõ ÈöÙóåúÑö ÇáúÛóíúÈö. æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ÊóãóÇãö ßóáóÇãö ÒóáöíÎóÇ Ãóíú ÅöäøóãóÇ ÇÚúÊóÑóÝúÊõ ÈöåóÐóÇ áöíóÚúáóãó ÒóæúÌöí Ãóäøöí áóãú ÃóÎõäúåõ Ýöí äóÝúÓö ÇáúÃóãúÑö¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ãõÑóÇæóÏóÉð áóãú íóÞóÚú ãóÚóåóÇ ÝöÚúáõ ÝóÇÍöÔóÉò. æóåóÐóÇ ÇáúÞóæúáõ åõæó ÇáøóÐöí äóÕóÑóåõ ØóÇÆöÝóÉñ ßóËöíÑóÉñ ãöäú ÃóÆöãøóÉö ÇáúãõÊóÃóÎøöÑöíäó æóÛóíúÑöåöãú¡ æóáóãú íóÍúßö ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò Óöæóì ÇáúÃóæøóáö {æóãóÇ ÃõÈóÑøöÆõ äóÝúÓöí Åöäøó ÇáäøóÝúÓó áóÃóãøóÇÑóÉñ ÈöÇáÓøõæÁö ÅöáøóÇ ãóÇ ÑóÍöãó ÑóÈøöí Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí ÛóÝõæÑñ ÑóÍöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 53] . Þöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ãöäú ßóáóÇãö íõæÓõÝó. æóÞöíáó: ãöäú ßóáóÇãö ÒóáöíÎóÇ. æóåõæó ãõÝóÑøóÚñ Úóáóì ÇáúÞóæúáóíúäö ÇáúÃóæøóáóíúäö. æóßóæúäõåõ ãöäú ÊóãóÇãö ßóáóÇãö ÒóáöíÎóÇ ÃóÙúåóÑõ æóÃóäúÓóÈõ¡ æóÃóÞúæóì¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

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{æóÞóÇáó Çáúãóáößõ ÇÆúÊõæäöí Èöåö ÃóÓúÊóÎúáöÕúåõ áöäóÝúÓöí ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóáøóãóåõ ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßó Çáúíóæúãó áóÏóíúäóÇ ãóßöíäñ Ãóãöíäñ ÞóÇáó ÇÌúÚóáúäöí Úóáóì ÎóÒóÇÆöäö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöäøöí ÍóÝöíÙñ Úóáöíãñ æóßóÐóáößó ãóßøóäøóÇ áöíõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÊóÈóæøóÃõ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóíúËõ íóÔóÇÁõ äõÕöíÈõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÊöäóÇ ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ æóáóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó æóáóÃóÌúÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÎóíúÑñ áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÞõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 54] . Ãóíú ÃóÌúÚóáúåõ ãöäú ÎóÇÕøóÊöí æóãöäú ÃóßóÇÈöÑö ÏóæúáóÊöí æóãöäú ÃóÚúíóÇäö ÍóÇÔöíóÊöí¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ßóáøóãóåõ æóÓóãöÚó ãóÞóÇáóåõ æóÊóÈóíøóäó ÍóÇáóåõ {ÞóÇáó Åöäøóßó Çáúíóæúãó áóÏóíúäóÇ ãóßöíäñ Ãóãöíäñ} [íæÓÝ: 54] . Ãóíú Ðõæ ãóßóÇäóÉò æóÃóãóÇäóÉò {ÞóÇáó ÇÌúÚóáúäöí Úóáóì ÎóÒóÇÆöäö ÇáúÃóÑúÖö Åöäøöí ÍóÝöíÙñ Úóáöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 55] . ØóáóÈó Ãóäú íõæóáøöíóåõ ÇáäøóÙóÑó ÝöíãóÇ íóÊóÚóáøóÞõ ÈöÇáúÃóåúÑóÇÁö áöãóÇ íóÊóæóÞøóÚõ ãöäú ÍõÕõæáö ÇáúÎóáóáö ÝöíãóÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãõÖöíøö ÓóÈúÚö Óöäöíøö ÇáúÎöÕúÈö áöíóäúÙõÑó ÝöíåóÇ ÈöãóÇ íõÑúÖöí Çááøóåó Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö ãöäó ÇáöÇÍúÊöíóÇØö áóåõãú æóÇáÑøöÝúÞö Èöåöãú¡ æóÃóÎúÈóÑó Çáúãóáößó Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÝöíÙñ Ãóíú Þóæöíøñ Úóáóì ÍöÝúÙö ãóÇ áóÏóíúåö Ãóãöíäñ Úóáóíúåö Úóáöíãñ ÈöÖóÈúØö ÇáúÃóÔúíóÇÁö æóãóÕóÇáöÍö ÇáúÃóåúÑóÇÁö¡ æóÝöí åóÐóÇ Ïóáöíáñ Úóáóì ÌóæóÇÒö ØóáóÈö ÇáúæöáóÇíóÉö áöãóäú Úóáöãó ãöäú äóÝúÓöåö ÇáúÃóãóÇäóÉó æóÇáúßóÝóÇÁóÉó¡ æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøó ÝöÑúÚóæúäó ÚóÙøóãó íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÌöÏøðÇ¡ æóÓóáøóØóåõ Úóáóì ÌóãöíÚö ÃóÑúÖö ãöÕúÑó æóÃóáúÈóÓóåõ ÎóÇÊóãóåõ æóÃóáúÈóÓóåõ ÇáúÍóÑöíÑó æóØóæøóÞóåõ ÇáÐøóåóÈó æóÍóãóáóåõ Úóáóì ãóÑúßóÈöåö ÇáËøóÇäöí¡ æóäõæÏöíó Èóíúäó íóÏóíúåö ÃóäúÊó ÑóÈøñ Ãóíú ãóÇáößñ æóãõÓóáøóØñ. æóÞóÇáó

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áóåõ: áóÓúÊõ ÃóÚúÙóãó ãöäúßó ÅöáøóÇ ÈöÇáúßõÑúÓöíøö. ÞóÇáõæÇ: æóßóÇäó íõæÓõÝõ ÅöÐú ÐóÇßó ÇÈúäó ËóáóÇËöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ æóÒóæúÌõåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÉð ÚóÙöíãóÉó ÇáÔøóÃúäö.
æóÍóßóì ÇáËøóÚúáóÈöíøõ Ãóäøóåõ ÚóÒóáó ÞöØúÝöíÑó Úóäú æóÙöíÝóÊöåö æóæóáøóÇåóÇ íõæÓõÝó. æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ãóÇÊó ÒóæøóÌóåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÒóáöíÎóÇ ÝóæóÌóÏóåóÇ ÚóÐúÑóÇÁóº áöÃóäøó ÒóæúÌóåóÇ ßóÇäó áóÇ íóÃúÊöí ÇáäøöÓóÇÁó ÝóæóáóÏóÊú áöíõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÑóÌõáóíúäö¡ æóåóãóÇ ÃóÝúÑóÇËöíãõ¡ æóãóäúÔóÇ. ÞóÇáó: æóÇÓúÊóæúËóÞó áöíõæÓõÝó ãõáúßõ ãöÕúÑó¡ æóÚóãöáó Ýöíåöãú ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö ÝóÃóÍóÈøóåõ ÇáÑøöÌóÇáõ æóÇáäøöÓóÇÁõ. æóÍõßöíó Ãóäøó íõæÓõÝó ßóÇäó íóæúãó ÏóÎóáó Úóáóì Çáúãóáößö ÚõãõÑõåõ ËóáóÇËöíäó ÓóäóÉð¡ æóÃóäøó Çáúãóáößó ÎóÇØóÈóåõ ÈöÓóÈúÚöíäó áõÛóÉð¡ æóßõáøõ Ðóáößó íõÌóÇæöÈõåõ Èößõáøö áõÛóÉò ãöäúåóÇ ÝóÃóÚúÌóÈóåõ Ðóáößó ãóÚó ÍóÏóÇËóÉö Óöäøöåö. ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóßóÐóáößó ãóßøóäøóÇ áöíõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö íóÊóÈóæøóÃõ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóíúËõ íóÔóÇÁõ} [íæÓÝ: 56] . Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÓøóÌúäö æóÇáÖøöíÞö æóÇáúÍóÕúÑö ÕóÇÑó ãõØúáóÞó ÇáÑøößóÇÈö ÈöÏöíóÇÑö ãöÕúÑó {íóÊóÈóæøóÃõ ãöäúåóÇ ÍóíúËõ íóÔóÇÁõ} [íæÓÝ: 56] . Ãóíú Ãóíúäó ÔóÇÁó Íóáøó ãöäúåóÇ ãõßúÑóãðÇ ãóÍúÓõæÏðÇ ãõÚóÙøóãðÇ {äõÕöíÈõ ÈöÑóÍúãóÊöäóÇ ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ æóáóÇ äõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 56] . Ãóíú åóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ãöäú ÌóÒóÇÁö Çááøóåö æóËóæóÇÈöåö áöáúãõÄúãöäö ãóÚó ãóÇ íóÏøóÎöÑõ áóåõ Ýöí ÂÎöÑóÊöåö ãöäó ÇáúÎóíúÑö ÇáúÌóÒöíáö æóÇáËøóæóÇÈö ÇáúÌóãöíáöº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {æóáóÃóÌúÑõ ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÎóíúÑñ áöáøóÐöíäó ÂãóäõæÇ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÊøóÞõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 57] . æóíõÞóÇáõ: Åöäøó ÃóØúÝöíÑó ÒóæúÌó ÒóáöíÎóÇ ßóÇäó ÞóÏú ãóÇÊó. ÝóæóáøóÇåõ Çáúãóáößõ ãóßóÇäóåõ æóÒóæøóÌóåõ ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ÒóáöíÎóÇ ÝóßóÇäó æóÒöíÑó ÕöÏúÞò.
æóÐóßóÑó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Ãóäøó ÕóÇÍöÈó ãöÕúÑó ÇáúæóáöíÏó Èúäó ÇáÑøóíøóÇäö ÃóÓúáóãó Úóáóì íóÏóíú íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ. ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó

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ÈóÚúÖõåõãú:
æóÑóÇÁó ãóÖöíÞö ÇáúÎóæúÝö íóÊøóÓöÚõ ÇáúÃóãúäõ ... æóÃóæøóáõ ãóÝúÑõæÍò Èöåö ÂÎöÑõ ÇáúÍõÒúäö
ÝóáóÇ ÊóíúÃóÓóäú ÝóÇááøóåõ ãóáøóßó íõæÓõÝðÇ ... ÎóÒóÇÆöäóåõ ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÎóáóÇÕö ãöäó ÇáÓøöÌúäö
{æóÌóÇÁó ÅöÎúæóÉõ íõæÓõÝó ÝóÏóÎóáõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÝóÚóÑóÝóåõãú æóåõãú áóåõ ãõäúßöÑõæäó æóáóãøóÇ ÌóåøóÒóåõãú ÈöÌóåóÇÒöåöãú ÞóÇáó ÇÆúÊõæäöí ÈöÃóÎò áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóÈöíßõãú ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóæúäó Ãóäøöí ÃõæÝöí Çáúßóíúáó æóÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúãõäúÒöáöíäó ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÃúÊõæäöí Èöåö ÝóáóÇ ßóíúáó áóßõãú ÚöäúÏöí æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæäö ÞóÇáõæÇ ÓóäõÑóÇæöÏõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÈóÇåõ æóÅöäøóÇ áóÝóÇÚöáõæäó æóÞóÇáó áöÝöÊúíóÇäöåö ÇÌúÚóáõæÇ ÈöÖóÇÚóÊóåõãú Ýöí ÑöÍóÇáöåöãú áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÞóáóÈõæÇ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåöãú áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 58]
[íõæÓõÝó: 58 - 62] . íõÎúÈöÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÞõÏõæãö ÅöÎúæóÉö íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Åöáóì ÇáÏøöíóÇÑö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉö íóãúÊóÇÑõæäó ØóÚóÇãðÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÈóÚúÏó ÅöÊúíóÇäö Óöäöíøö ÇáúÌóÏúÈö æóÚõãõæãöåóÇ Úóáóì ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáúÈöáóÇÏö æóÇáúÚöÈóÇÏö¡ æóßóÇäó íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÅöÐú ÐóÇßó ÇáúÍóÇßöãó Ýöí ÃõãõæÑö ÇáÏøöíóÇÑö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉö ÏöíäðÇ æóÏõäúíóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÚóÑóÝóåõãú¡ æóáóãú íóÚúÑöÝõæåõ áöÃóäøóåõãú áóãú íóÎúØõÑú ÈöÈóÇáöåöãú ãóÇ ÕóÇÑó Åöáóíúåö íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ãöäó ÇáúãóßóÇäóÉö¡ æóÇáúÚóÙóãóÉö¡ ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÚóÑóÝóåõãú æóåõãú áóåõ ãõäúßöÑõæäó æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÞóÏöãõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÓóÌóÏõæÇ áóåõ ÝóÚóÑóÝóåõãú¡ æóÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæåõ ÝóÃóÛúáóÙó áóåõãú Ýöí ÇáúÞóæúáö. æóÞóÇáó: ÃóäúÊõãú ÌóæóÇÓöíÓõ ÌöÆúÊõãú áöÊóÃúÎõÐõæÇ ÎóÈóÑó ÈöáóÇÏöí. ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ãóÚóÇÐó Çááøóåö ÅöäøóãóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ äóãúÊóÇÑõ áöÞóæúãöäóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÌóåúÏö æóÇáúÌõæÚö ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÕóÇÈóäóÇ¡ æóäóÍúäõ Èóäõæ ÃóÈò æóÇÍöÏò ãöäú ßóäúÚóÇäó¡ æóäóÍúäõ ÇËúäóÇ ÚóÔóÑó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÐóåóÈó ãöäøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ¡ æóÕóÛöíÑõäóÇ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöíäóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó: áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú ÃóÓúÊóÚúáöãó ÃóãúÑóßõãú. æóÚöäúÏóåõãú Ãóäøóåõ ÍóÈóÓóåõãú ËóáóÇËóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò

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Ëõãøó ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõãú¡ æóÇÍúÊóÈóÓó ÔóãúÚõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõ áöíóÃúÊõæåõ ÈöÇáúÃóÎö ÇáúÂÎóÑö. æóÝöí ÈóÚúÖö åóÐóÇ äóÙóÑñ. ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóãøóÇ ÌóåøóÒóåõãú ÈöÌóåóÇÒöåöãú} [íæÓÝ: 59] . Ãóíú ÃóÚúØóÇåõãú ãöäó ÇáúãöíÑóÉö ãóÇ ÌóÑóÊú Èöåö ÚóÇÏóÊõåõ Ýöí ÅöÚúØóÇÁö ßõáøö ÅöäúÓóÇäò Íöãúáó ÈöÚöíÑò áóÇ íóÒöíÏõåõ Úóáóíúåö {ÞóÇáó ÇÆúÊõæäöí ÈöÃóÎò áóßõãú ãöäú ÃóÈöíßõãú} [íæÓÝ: 59] . æóßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÓóÃóáóåõãú Úóäú ÍóÇáöåöãú æóßóãú åõãú ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: ßõäøóÇ ÇËúäóíú ÚóÔóÑó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÝóÐóåóÈó ãöäøóÇ æóÇÍöÏñ æóÈóÞöíó ÔóÞöíÞõåõ ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöíäóÇ. ÝóÞóÇáó: ÅöÐóÇ ÞóÏöãúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇãö ÇáúãõÞúÈöáö ÝóÃúÊõæäöí Èöåö ãóÚóßõãú {ÃóáóÇ ÊóÑóæúäó Ãóäøöí ÃõæÝöí Çáúßóíúáó æóÃóäóÇ ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúãõäúÒöáöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 59] . Ãóíú ÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäúÊõ äõÒõáóßõãú æóÞöÑóÇßõãú ÝóÑóÛøóÈóåõãú áöíóÃúÊõæåõ Èöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÑóåøóÈóåõãú Åöäú áóãú íóÃúÊõæåõ Èöåö ÞóÇáó: {ÝóÅöäú áóãú ÊóÃúÊõæäöí Èöåö ÝóáóÇ ßóíúáó áóßõãú ÚöäúÏöí æóáóÇ ÊóÞúÑóÈõæäö} [íæÓÝ: 60] . Ãóíú ÝóáóÓúÊõ ÃõÚúØöíßõãú ãöíÑóÉð¡ æóáóÇ ÃóÞúÑóÈõßõãú ÈöÇáúßõáøöíøóÉö ÚóßúÓõ ãóÇ ÃóÓúÏóì Åöáóíúåöãú ÃóæøóáðÇ¡ ÝóÇÌúÊóåóÏó Ýöí ÅöÍúÖóÇÑöåö ãóÚóåõãú áöíóÈõáøó ÔóæúÞóåõ ãöäúåõ ÈöÇáÊøóÑúÛöíÈö æóÇáÊøóÑúåöíÈö¡ ÞóÇáõæÇ: {ÓóäõÑóÇæöÏõ Úóäúåõ ÃóÈóÇåõ} [íæÓÝ: 61] . Ãóíú ÓóäóÌúÊóåöÏõ Ýöí ãóÌöíÆöåö ãóÚóäóÇ¡ æóÅöÊúíóÇäöåö Åöáóíúßó Èößõáøö ãõãúßöäò {æóÅöäøóÇ áóÝóÇÚöáõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 61] Ãóíú æóÅöäøóÇ áóÞóÇÏöÑõæäó Úóáóì ÊóÍúÕöíáöåö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑó ÝöÊúíóÇäóåõ Ãóäú íóÖóÚõæÇ ÈöÖóÇÚóÊóåõãú¡ æóåöíó ãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö íóÊóÚóæøóÖõæäó Èöåö Úóäö ÇáúãöíÑóÉö Ýöí ÃóãúÊöÚóÊöåöãú ãöäú ÍóíúËõ áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõæäó ÈöåóÇ {áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÚúÑöÝõæäóåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ ÇäúÞóáóÈõæÇ Åöáóì Ãóåúáöåöãú áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÑúÌöÚõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 62] . Þöíáó: ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÑõÏøõæåóÇ ÅöÐóÇ æóÌóÏõæåóÇ Ýöí ÈöáóÇÏöåöãú. æóÞöíáó: ÎóÔöíó Ãóäú áóÇ íóßõæäó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ãóÇ íóÑúÌöÚõæäó Èöåö ãóÑøóÉð ËóÇäöíóÉð. æóÞöíáó: ÊóÐóãøóãó Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐó ãöäúåõãú ÚöæóÖðÇ Úóäö ÇáúãöíÑóÉö.
æóÞóÏö ÇÎúÊóáóÝó ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑõæäó Ýöí ÈöÖóÇÚóÊöåöãú Úóáóì ÃóÞúæóÇáò ÓóíóÃúÊöí ÐößúÑõåóÇ¡ æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÃóäøóåóÇ ßóÇäóÊú ÕõÑóÑðÇ ãöäú æóÑöÞò. æóåõæó ÃóÔúÈóåõ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.

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{ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ãõäöÚó ãöäøóÇ Çáúßóíúáõ ÝóÃóÑúÓöáú ãóÚóäóÇ ÃóÎóÇäóÇ äóßúÊóáú æóÅöäøóÇ áóåõ áóÍóÇÝöÙõæäó ÞóÇáó åóáú Âãóäõßõãú Úóáóíúåö ÅöáøóÇ ßóãóÇ ÃóãöäúÊõßõãú Úóáóì ÃóÎöíåö ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÎóíúÑñ ÍóÇÝöÙðÇ æóåõæó ÃóÑúÍóãõ ÇáÑøóÇÍöãöíäó æóáóãøóÇ ÝóÊóÍõæÇ ãóÊóÇÚóåõãú æóÌóÏõæÇ ÈöÖóÇÚóÊóåõãú ÑõÏøóÊú Åöáóíúåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ãóÇ äóÈúÛöí åóÐöåö ÈöÖóÇÚóÊõäóÇ ÑõÏøóÊú ÅöáóíúäóÇ æóäóãöíÑõ ÃóåúáóäóÇ æóäóÍúÝóÙõ ÃóÎóÇäóÇ æóäóÒúÏóÇÏõ ßóíúáó ÈóÚöíÑò Ðóáößó ßóíúáñ íóÓöíÑñ ÞóÇáó áóäú ÃõÑúÓöáóåõ ãóÚóßõãú ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄúÊõæäö ãóæúËöÞðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö áóÊóÃúÊõäøóäöí Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÍóÇØó Èößõãú ÝóáóãøóÇ ÂÊóæúåõ ãóæúËöÞóåõãú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ äóÞõæáõ æóßöíáñ æóÞóÇáó íóÇ Èóäöíøó áóÇ ÊóÏúÎõáõæÇ ãöäú ÈóÇÈò æóÇÍöÏò æóÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÈúæóÇÈò ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞóÉò æóãóÇ ÃõÛúäöí Úóäúßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò Åöäö ÇáúÍõßúãõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáøóåö Úóáóíúåö ÊóæóßøóáúÊõ æóÚóáóíúåö ÝóáúíóÊóæóßøóáö ÇáúãõÊóæóßøöáõæäó æóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÃóÈõæåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉð Ýöí äóÝúÓö íóÚúÞõæÈó ÞóÖóÇåóÇ æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐõæ Úöáúãò áöãóÇ ÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 63]
[íõæÓõÝó: 63 - 68] .
íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåöãú ÈóÚúÏó ÑõÌõæÚöåöãú Åöáóì ÃóÈöíåöãú æóÞóæúáöåöãú áóåõ: {ãõäöÚó ãöäøóÇ Çáúßóíúáõ} [íæÓÝ: 63] . Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏó ÚóÇãöäóÇ åóÐóÇ Åöäú áóãú ÊõÑúÓöáú ãóÚóäóÇ ÃóÎóÇäóÇ ÝóÅöäú ÃóÑúÓóáúÊóåõ ãóÚóäóÇ áóãú íõãúäóÚú ãöäøóÇ {æóáóãøóÇ ÝóÊóÍõæÇ ãóÊóÇÚóåõãú æóÌóÏõæÇ ÈöÖóÇÚóÊóåõãú ÑõÏøóÊú Åöáóíúåöãú ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ãóÇ äóÈúÛöí} [íæÓÝ: 65] . Ãóíú Ãóíøó ÔóíúÁò äõÑöíÏõ æóÞóÏú ÑõÏøóÊú ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÈöÖóÇÚóÊõäóÇ {æóäóãöíÑõ ÃóåúáóäóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 65] Ãóíú äóãúÊóÇÑõ áóåõãú¡ æóäóÃúÊöíåöãú ÈöãóÇ íõÕúáöÍõåõãú Ýöí ÓóäóÊöåöãú¡ æóãóÍúáöåöãú {æóäóÍúÝóÙõ ÃóÎóÇäóÇ æóäóÒúÏóÇÏõ} [íæÓÝ: 65] . ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö ßóíúáó ÈóÚöíÑò ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {Ðóáößó ßóíúáñ íóÓöíÑñ} [íæÓÝ: 65] . Ãóíú Ýöí ãõÞóÇÈóáóÉö ÐóåóÇÈö æóáóÏöåö ÇáúÂÎóÑö¡ æóßóÇäó íóÚúÞõæÈõ Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÃóÖóäøó ÔóíúÁò ÈöæóáóÏöåö ÈöäúíóÇãöíäóº áöÃóäøóåõ ßóÇäó íóÔõãøõ Ýöíåö ÑóÇÆöÍóÉó ÃóÎöíåö æóíóÊóÓóáøóì Èöåö Úóäúåõ¡ æóíóÊóÚóæøóÖõ ÈöÓóÈóÈöåö ãöäúåõ¡ ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {áóäú ÃõÑúÓöáóåõ ãóÚóßõãú ÍóÊøóì ÊõÄúÊõæäö ãóæúËöÞðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö áóÊóÃúÊõäøóäöí Èöåö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÍóÇØó Èößõãú} [íæÓÝ: 66] . Ãóíú ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÛúáóÈõæÇ ßõáøõßõãú Úóäö ÇáúÅöÊúíóÇäö Èöåö {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÂÊóæúåõ ãóæúËöÞóåõãú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ Úóáóì ãóÇ äóÞõæáõ æóßöíáñ} [íæÓÝ: 66] . ÃóßøóÏó ÇáúãóæóÇËöíÞó æóÞóÑøóÑó ÇáúÚõåõæÏó æóÇÍúÊóÇØó áöäóÝúÓöåö Ýöí æóáóÏöåö¡ æóáóäú íõÛúäöíó ÍóÐóÑñ ãöäú ÞóÏóÑò¡ æóáóæúáóÇ ÍóÇÌóÊõåõ

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æóÍóÇÌóÉõ Þóæúãöåö Åöáóì ÇáúãöíÑóÉö áóãóÇ ÈóÚóËó ÇáúæóáóÏó ÇáúÚóÒöíÒó¡ æóáóßöäøó ÇáúÃóÞúÏóÇÑó áóåóÇ ÃóÍúßóÇãñ¡ æóÇáÑøóÈøõ ÊóÚóÇáóì íõÞóÏøöÑõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóíóÎúÊóÇÑõ ãóÇ íõÑöíÏõ¡ æóíóÍúßõãõ ãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ¡ æóåõæó ÇáúÍóßöíãõ ÇáúÚóáöíãõ¡ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑóåõãú Ãóäú áóÇ íóÏúÎõáõæÇ ÇáúãóÏöíäóÉó ãöäú ÈóÇÈò æóÇÍöÏò¡ æóáóßöäú áöíóÏúÎõáõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÈúæóÇÈò ãõÊóÝóÑøöÞóÉò. Þöíáó: ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú áóÇ íõÕöíÈóåõãú ÃóÍóÏñ ÈöÇáúÚóíúäö¡ æóÐóáößóº áöÃóäøóåõãú ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÔúßóÇáðÇ ÍóÓóäóÉð¡ æóÕõæóÑðÇ ÈóÏöíÚóÉð ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ßóÚúÈò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ¡ æóÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ. æóÞöíáó: ÃóÑóÇÏó Ãóäú íóÊóÝóÑøóÞõæÇ áóÚóáøóåõãú íóÌöÏõæäó ÎóÈóÑðÇ áöíõæÓõÝó Ãóæú íõÍóÏøóËõæäó Úóäúåõ ÈöÃóíúÓóÑö ÔóíúÁò ÞóÇáóåõ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáäøóÎóÚöíøõ. æóÇáúÃóæøóáõ ÃóÙúåóÑõº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {æóãóÇ ÃõÛúäöí Úóäúßõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò} [íæÓÝ: 67] . æóÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ ãöäú ÍóíúËõ ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÃóÈõæåõãú ãóÇ ßóÇäó íõÛúäöí Úóäúåõãú ãöäó Çááøóåö ãöäú ÔóíúÁò ÅöáøóÇ ÍóÇÌóÉð Ýöí äóÝúÓö íóÚúÞõæÈó ÞóÖóÇåóÇ æóÅöäøóåõ áóÐõæ Úöáúãò áöãóÇ ÚóáøóãúäóÇåõ æóáóßöäøó ÃóßúËóÑó ÇáäøóÇÓö áóÇ íóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 68] .
æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÈóÚóËó ãóÚóåõãú åóÏöíøóÉð Åöáóì ÇáúÚóÒöíÒö ãöäó ÇáúÝõÓúÊõÞö æóÇááøóæúÒö æóÇáÕøóäóæúÈóÑö æóÇáúÈõØúãö æóÇáúÚóÓóáö¡ æóÃóÎóÐõæÇ ÇáÏøóÑóÇåöãó ÇáúÃõæáóì¡ æóÚóÑúÖðÇ ÂÎóÑó.
{æóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó Âæóì Åöáóíúåö ÃóÎóÇåõ ÞóÇáó Åöäøöí ÃóäóÇ ÃóÎõæßó ÝóáóÇ ÊóÈúÊóÆöÓú ÈöãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ íóÚúãóáõæäó ÝóáóãøóÇ ÌóåøóÒóåõãú ÈöÌóåóÇÒöåöãú ÌóÚóáó ÇáÓøöÞóÇíóÉó Ýöí ÑóÍúáö ÃóÎöíåö Ëõãøó ÃóÐøóäó ãõÄóÐøöäñ ÃóíøóÊõåóÇ ÇáúÚöíÑõ Åöäøóßõãú áóÓóÇÑöÞõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ æóÃóÞúÈóáõæÇ Úóáóíúåöãú ãóÇÐóÇ ÊóÝúÞöÏõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ äóÝúÞöÏõ ÕõæóÇÚó Çáúãóáößö æóáöãóäú ÌóÇÁó Èöåö Íöãúáõ ÈóÚöíÑò æóÃóäóÇ Èöåö ÒóÚöíãñ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊõãú ãóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ áöäõÝúÓöÏó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÓóÇÑöÞöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóãóÇ ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ßóÇÐöÈöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ ãóäú æõÌöÏó Ýöí ÑóÍúáöåö Ýóåõæó ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó ÝóÈóÏóÃó ÈöÃóæúÚöíóÊöåöãú ÞóÈúáó æöÚóÇÁö ÃóÎöíåö Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÎúÑóÌóåóÇ ãöäú æöÚóÇÁö ÃóÎöíåö ßóÐóáößó ßöÏúäóÇ áöíõæÓõÝó ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöíóÃúÎõÐó ÃóÎóÇåõ Ýöí Ïöíäö Çáúãóáößö ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ äóÑúÝóÚõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ æóÝóæúÞó ßõáøö Ðöí Úöáúãò Úóáöíãñ ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäú íóÓúÑöÞú ÝóÞóÏú ÓóÑóÞó ÃóÎñ áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÃóÓóÑøóåóÇ íõæÓõÝõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö æóáóãú íõÈúÏöåóÇ áóåõãú ÞóÇáó ÃóäúÊõãú ÔóÑøñ ãóßóÇäðÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ Åöäøó áóåõ ÃóÈðÇ ÔóíúÎðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ ÝóÎõÐú ÃóÍóÏóäóÇ ãóßóÇäóåõ ÅöäøóÇ äóÑóÇßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÞóÇáó ãóÚóÇÐó Çááøóåö Ãóäú äóÃúÎõÐó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóÊóÇÚóäóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÙóÇáöãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 69]
[íõæÓõÝó: 69 - 79] .

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íóÐúßõÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåöãú Íöíäó ÏóÎóáõæÇ ÈöÃóÎöíåöãú ÈöäúíóÇãöíäó Úóáóì ÔóÞöíÞöåö íõæÓõÝó¡ æóÅöíæóÇÆöåö Åöáóíúåö æóÅöÎúÈóÇÑöåö áóåõ ÓöÑøðÇ Úóäúåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõ ÃóÎõæåõ¡ æóÃóãúÑöåö ÈößóÊúãö Ðóáößó Úóäúåõãú¡ æóÓóáøóÇåõ ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú ãöäó ÇáúÅöÓóÇÁóÉö Åöáóíúåö¡ Ëõãøó ÇÍúÊóÇáó Úóáóì ÃóÎúÐöåö ãöäúåõãú¡ æóÊóÑúßöåö ÅöíøóÇåõ ÚöäúÏóåõ Ïõæäóåõãú¡ ÝóÃóãóÑó ÝöÊúíóÇäóåõ ÈöæóÖúÚö ÓöÞóÇíóÊöåö¡ æóåöíó ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó íóÔúÑóÈõ ÈöåóÇ¡ æóíóßöíáõ ÈöåóÇ áöáäøóÇÓö ÇáØøóÚóÇãó ãöäú ÚöÒøóÊöåö Ýöí ãóÊóÇÚö ÈöäúíóÇãöíäó¡ Ëõãøó ÃóÚúáóãóåõãú ÈöÃóäøóåõãú ÞóÏú ÓóÑóÞõæÇ ÕõæóÇÚó Çáúãóáößö¡ æóæóÚóÏóåõãú ÌöÚóÇáóÉð Úóáóì ÑóÏøöåö Íöãúáó ÈóÚöíÑò¡ æóÖóãöäóåõ ÇáúãõäóÇÏöí áóåõãú ÝóÃóÞúÈóáõæÇ Úóáóì ãóäö ÇÊøóåóãóåõãú ÈöÐóáößó ÝóÃóäøóÈõæåõ¡ æóåóÌøóäõæåõ ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ áóåõãú¡ æóÞóÇáõæÇ: {ÊóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÚóáöãúÊõãú ãóÇ ÌöÆúäóÇ áöäõÝúÓöÏó Ýöí ÇáúÃóÑúÖö æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÓóÇÑöÞöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 73] . íóÞõæáõæäó: ÃóäúÊõãú ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ãöäøóÇ ÎöáóÇÝó ãóÇ ÑóãóíúÊõãõæäóÇ Èöåö ãöäó ÇáÓøóÑöÞóÉö {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÝóãóÇ ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ Åöäú ßõäúÊõãú ßóÇÐöÈöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ ãóäú æõÌöÏó Ýöí ÑóÍúáöåö Ýóåõæó ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 74] . æóåóÐöåö ßóÇäóÊú ÔóÑöíÚóÊóåõãú Ãóäøó ÇáÓøóÇÑöÞó íõÏúÝóÚõ Åöáóì ÇáúãóÓúÑõæÞö ãöäúåõº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: {ßóÐóáößó äóÌúÒöí ÇáÙøóÇáöãöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 75] . ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóÈóÏóÃó ÈöÃóæúÚöíóÊöåöãú ÞóÈúáó æöÚóÇÁö ÃóÎöíåö Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÎúÑóÌóåóÇ ãöäú æöÚóÇÁö ÃóÎöíåö} [íæÓÝ: 76] . áöíóßõæäó Ðóáößó ÃóÈúÚóÏó áöáÊøõåúãóÉö æóÃóÈúáóÛó Ýöí ÇáúÍöíáóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ßóÐóáößó ßöÏúäóÇ áöíõæÓõÝó ãóÇ ßóÇäó áöíóÃúÎõÐó ÃóÎóÇåõ Ýöí Ïöíäö Çáúãóáößö} [íæÓÝ: 76] . Ãóíú áóæúáóÇ ÇÚúÊöÑóÇÝõåõãú ÈöÃóäøó ÌóÒóÇÁóåõ ãóäú æõÌöÏó

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Ýöí ÑóÍúáöåö Ýóåõæó ÌóÒóÇÄõåõ áóãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÞúÏöÑõ íõæÓõÝõ Úóáóì ÃóÎúÐöåö ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÓöíóÇÓóÉö ãóáößö ãöÕúÑó {ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íóÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ äóÑúÝóÚõ ÏóÑóÌóÇÊò ãóäú äóÔóÇÁõ} [íæÓÝ: 76] . Ãóíú Ýöí ÇáúÚöáúãö {æóÝóæúÞó ßõáøö Ðöí Úöáúãò Úóáöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 76] . æóÐóáößóº áöÃóäøó íõæÓõÝó ßóÇäó ÃóÚúáóãó ãöäúåõãú æóÃóÊóãøó ÑóÃúíðÇ æóÃóÞúæóì ÚóÒúãðÇ æóÍóÒúãðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÝóÚóáó ãóÇ ÝóÚóáó Úóäú ÃóãúÑö Çááøóåö áóåõ Ýöí Ðóáößóº áöÃóäøóåõ íóÊóÑóÊøóÈõ Úóáóì åóÐóÇ ÇáúÃóãúÑö ãóÕúáóÍóÉñ ÚóÙöíãóÉñ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ãöäú ÞõÏõæãö ÃóÈöíåö æóÞóæúãöåö Úóáóíúåö æóæõÝõæÏöåöãú Åöáóíúåö¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÚóÇíóäõæÇ ÇÓúÊöÎúÑóÇÌó ÇáÕøõæóÇÚö ãöäú Íöãúáö ÈöäúíóÇãöíäó {ÞóÇáõæÇ Åöäú íóÓúÑöÞú ÝóÞóÏú ÓóÑóÞó ÃóÎñ áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ} [íæÓÝ: 77] . íóÚúäõæäó íõæÓõÝó. Þöíáó: ßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÓóÑóÞó Õóäóãó ÌóÏøöåö ÃóÈöí Ãõãøöåö ÝóßóÓóÑóåõ. æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäóÊú ÚóãøóÊõåõ ÞóÏú ÚóáøóÞóÊú Úóáóíúåö Èóíúäó ËöíóÇÈöåö¡ æóåõæó ÕóÛöíÑñ¡ ãöäúØóÞóÉð ßóÇäóÊú áöÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÎúÑóÌõæåóÇ ãöäú Èóíúäö ËöíóÇÈöåö¡ æóåõæó áóÇ íóÔúÚõÑõ ÈöãóÇ ÕóäóÚóÊú¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏóÊú Ãóäú íóßõæäó ÚöäúÏóåóÇ¡ æóÝöí ÍóÖóÇäóÊöåóÇ áöãóÍóÈøóÊöåóÇ áóåõ. æóÞöíáó: ßóÇäó íóÃúÎõÐõ ÇáØøóÚóÇãó ãöäó ÇáúÈóíúÊö ÝóíõØúÚöãõåõ ÇáúÝõÞóÑóÇÁó. æóÞöíáó ÛóíúÑõ Ðóáößó. ÝóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáõæÇ: {Åöäú íóÓúÑöÞú ÝóÞóÏú ÓóÑóÞó ÃóÎñ áóåõ ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÝóÃóÓóÑøóåóÇ íõæÓõÝõ Ýöí äóÝúÓöåö} [íæÓÝ: 77] . æóåöíó ßóáöãóÊõåõ ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÃóäúÊõãú ÔóÑøñ ãóßóÇäðÇ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ ÈöãóÇ ÊóÕöÝõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 77] . ÃóÌóÇÈóåõãú ÓöÑøðÇ áóÇ ÌóåúÑðÇ ÍöáúãðÇ æóßóÑóãðÇ æóÕóÝúÍðÇ æóÚóÝúæðÇ ÝóÏóÎóáõæÇ ãóÚóåõ Ýöí ÇáÊøóÑóÞøõÞö æóÇáÊøóÚóØøõÝö ÝóÞóÇáõæÇ: {íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ Åöäøó áóåõ ÃóÈðÇ ÔóíúÎðÇ ßóÈöíÑðÇ ÝóÎõÐú ÃóÍóÏóäóÇ ãóßóÇäóåõ ÅöäøóÇ äóÑóÇßó ãöäó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÞóÇáó ãóÚóÇÐó Çááøóåö Ãóäú äóÃúÎõÐó ÅöáøóÇ ãóäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóÊóÇÚóäóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ ÅöäøóÇ ÅöÐðÇ áóÙóÇáöãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 78] . Ãóíú Åöäú ÃóØúáóÞúäóÇ ÇáúãõÊøóåóãó æóÃóÎóÐúäóÇ ÇáúÈóÑöíÁó åóÐóÇ ãóÇ áóÇ äóÝúÚóáõåõ æóáóÇ äóÓúãóÍõ Èöåö. æóÅöäøóãóÇ äóÃúÎõÐõ ãóäú æóÌóÏúäóÇ ãóÊóÇÚóäóÇ ÚöäúÏóåõ.
æóÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøó íõæÓõÝó ÊóÚóÑøóÝó Åöáóíúåöãú ÍöíäóÆöÐò. æóåóÐóÇ ãöãøóÇ ÛóáöØõæÇ Ýöíåö æóáóãú íóÝúåóãõæåõ ÌóíøöÏðÇ.

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{ÝóáóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóíúÃóÓõæÇ ãöäúåõ ÎóáóÕõæÇ äóÌöíøðÇ ÞóÇáó ßóÈöíÑõåõãú Ãóáóãú ÊóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇßõãú ÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐó Úóáóíúßõãú ãóæúËöÞðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö æóãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúÊõãú Ýöí íõæÓõÝó Ýóáóäú ÃóÈúÑóÍó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÐóäó áöí ÃóÈöí Ãóæú íóÍúßõãó Çááøóåõ áöí æóåõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó ÇÑúÌöÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíßõãú ÝóÞõæáõæÇ íóÇÃóÈóÇäóÇ Åöäøó ÇÈúäóßó ÓóÑóÞó æóãóÇ ÔóåöÏúäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÚóáöãúäóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áöáúÛóíúÈö ÍóÇÝöÙöíäó æóÇÓúÃóáö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ßõäøóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáúÚöíÑó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÞúÈóáúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÅöäøóÇ áóÕóÇÏöÞõæäó ÞóÇáó Èóáú ÓóæøóáóÊú áóßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓõßõãú ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÕóÈúÑñ Ìóãöíáñ ÚóÓóì Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóäöí Èöåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ æóÊóæóáøóì Úóäúåõãú æóÞóÇáó íóÇ ÃóÓóÝóì Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó æóÇÈúíóÖøóÊú ÚóíúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍõÒúäö Ýóåõæó ßóÙöíãñ ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåö ÊóÝúÊóÃõ ÊóÐúßõÑõ íõæÓõÝó ÍóÊøóì Êóßõæäó ÍóÑóÖðÇ Ãóæú Êóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúåóÇáößöíäó ÞóÇáó ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÔúßõæ ÈóËøöí æóÍõÒúäöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÃóÚúáóãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó íóÇÈóäöíøó ÇÐúåóÈõæÇ ÝóÊóÍóÓøóÓõæÇ ãöäú íõæÓõÝó æóÃóÎöíåö æóáóÇ ÊóíúÃóÓõæÇ ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóíúÆóÓõ ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 80]
[íõæÓõÝó: 80 - 87] .
íóÞõæáõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ãõÎúÈöÑðÇ Úóäúåõãú Ãóäøóåõãú áóãøóÇ ÇÓúÊóíúÃóÓõæÇ ãöäú ÃóÎúÐöåö ãöäúåõ ÎóáóÕõæÇ íóÊóäóÇÌóæúäó ÝöíãóÇ Èóíúäóåõãú ÞóÇáó ßóÈöíÑõåõãú æóåõæó ÑõæÈöíáõ: {Ãóáóãú ÊóÚúáóãõæÇ Ãóäøó ÃóÈóÇßõãú ÞóÏú ÃóÎóÐó Úóáóíúßõãú ãóæúËöÞðÇ ãöäó Çááøóåö} [íæÓÝ: 80] . áóÞóÏú ÃóÎúáóÝúÊõãú ÚóåúÏóåõ æóÝóÑøóØúÊõãú Ýöíåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúÊõãú Ýöí ÃóÎöíåö íõæÓõÝó ãöäú ÞóÈúáöåö Ýóáóãú íóÈúÞó áöí æóÌúåñ ÃõÞóÇÈöáõåõ Èöåö {Ýóáóäú ÃóÈúÑóÍó ÇáúÃóÑúÖó} [íæÓÝ: 80] . Ãóíú áóÇ ÃóÒóÇáõ ãõÞöíãðÇ åóÇåõäóÇ {ÍóÊøóì íóÃúÐóäó áöí ÃóÈöí} [íæÓÝ: 80] . Ýöí ÇáúÞõÏõæãö Úóáóíúåö: {Ãóæú íóÍúßõãó Çááøóåõ áöí} [íæÓÝ: 80] . ÈöÃóäú íõÞóÏøöÑóäöí Úóáóì ÑóÏøö ÃóÎöí Åöáóì ÃóÈöí {æóåõæó ÎóíúÑõ ÇáúÍóÇßöãöíäó ÇÑúÌöÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÃóÈöíßõãú ÝóÞõæáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ Åöäøó ÇÈúäóßó ÓóÑóÞó} [íæÓÝ: 80] . Ãóíú ÃóÎúÈöÑõæåõ ÈöãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõãú ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö Ýöí ÙóÇåöÑö ÇáúãõÔóÇåóÏóÉö {æóãóÇ ÔóåöÏúäóÇ ÅöáøóÇ ÈöãóÇ ÚóáöãúäóÇ æóãóÇ ßõäøóÇ áöáúÛóíúÈö ÍóÇÝöÙöíäó æóÇÓúÃóáö ÇáúÞóÑúíóÉó ÇáøóÊöí ßõäøóÇ ÝöíåóÇ æóÇáúÚöíÑó ÇáøóÊöí ÃóÞúÈóáúäóÇ ÝöíåóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 81] . Ãóíú ÝóÅöäøó åóÐóÇ ÇáøóÐöí ÃóÎúÈóÑúäóÇßó Èöåö ãöäú ÃóÎúÐöåöãú

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ÃóÎóÇäóÇ áöÃóäøóåõ ÓóÑóÞó ÃóãúÑñ ÇÔúÊóåóÑó ÈöãöÕúÑó¡ æóÚóáöãóåõ ÇáúÚöíÑõ ÇáøóÊöí ßõäøóÇ äóÍúäõ æóåõãú åõäóÇßó {æóÅöäøóÇ áóÕóÇÏöÞõæäó ÞóÇáó Èóáú ÓóæøóáóÊú áóßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓõßõãú ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÕóÈúÑñ Ìóãöíáñ} [íæÓÝ: 82] . Ãóíú áóíúÓó ÇáúÃóãúÑõ ßóãóÇ ÐóßóÑúÊõãú áóãú íóÓúÑöÞú ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóíúÓó ÈöÓóÌöíøóÉò áóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÎõáõÞóåõ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ {ÓóæøóáóÊú áóßõãú ÃóäúÝõÓõßõãú ÃóãúÑðÇ ÝóÕóÈúÑñ Ìóãöíáñ} [íæÓÝ: 83] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ: áóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ÇáÊøóÝúÑöíØõ ãöäúåõãú Ýöí ÈöäúíóÇãöíäó ãõÊóÑóÊøöÈðÇ Úóáóì ÕóäöíÚöåöãú Ýöí íõæÓõÝó ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ãóÇ ÞóÇáó. æóåóÐóÇ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáÓøóáóÝö: Åöäøó ãöäú ÌóÒóÇÁö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉö ÇáÓøóíøöÆóÉó ÈóÚúÏóåóÇ. Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: {ÚóÓóì Çááøóåõ Ãóäú íóÃúÊöíóäöí Èöåöãú ÌóãöíÚðÇ} [íæÓÝ: 83] . íóÚúäöí íõæÓõÝó æóÈöäúíóÇãöíäó æóÑõæÈöíáó Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ. Ãóíú ÈöÍóÇáöí¡ æóãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Ýöíåö ãöäú ÝöÑóÇÞö ÇáúÃóÍöÈøóÉö ÇáúÍóßöíãõ ÝöíãóÇ íõÞóÏøöÑõåõ æóíóÝúÚóáõåõ æóáóåõ ÇáúÍößúãóÉõ ÇáúÈóÇáöÛóÉõ æóÇáúÍõÌøóÉõ ÇáúÞóÇØöÚóÉõ {æóÊóæóáøóì Úóäúåõãú} [íæÓÝ: 84] Ãóíú ÃóÚúÑóÖó Úóäú Èóäöíåö {æóÞóÇáó íóÇ ÃóÓóÝóì Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó} [íæÓÝ: 84] .
ÐóßøóÑóåõ ÍõÒúäõåõ ÇáúÌóÏöíÏõ ÈöÇáúÍõÒúäö ÇáúÞóÏöíãö æóÍóÑøóßó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ßóÇãöäðÇ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú:
äóÞøöáú ÝõÄóÇÏóßó ÍóíúËõ ÔöÆúÊó ãöäó Çáúåóæóì ... ãóÇ ÇáúÍõÈøõ ÅöáøóÇ áöáúÍóÈöíÈö ÇáúÃóæøóáö
æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõ:
áóÞóÏú áóÇãóäöí ÚöäúÏó ÇáúÞõÈõæÑö Úóáóì ÇáúÈõßóÇ ... ÑóÝöíÞöí áöÊóÐúÑóÇÝö ÇáÏøõãõæÚö ÇáÓøóæóÇÝößö
. ÝóÞóÇáó: ÃóÊóÈúßöí ßõáøó ÞóÈúÑò ÑóÃóíúÊóåõ ... áöÞóÈúÑò Ëóæóì Èóíúäó Çááøöæóì ÝóÇáÏøóßóÇÏößö¿

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ÝóÞõáúÊõ áóåõ Åöäøó ÇáúÃóÓóì íóÈúÚóËõ ÇáúÃóÓóì ÝóÏóÚúäöí
ÝóåóÐóÇ ßõáøõåõ ÞóÈúÑõ ãóÇáößö
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóÇÈúíóÖøóÊú ÚóíúäóÇåõ ãöäó ÇáúÍõÒúäö} [íæÓÝ: 84] . Ãóíú ãöäú ßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÈõßóÇÁö {Ýóåõæó ßóÙöíãñ} [íæÓÝ: 84] Ãóíú ãõßúãóÏñ ãöäú ßóËúÑóÉö ÍõÒúäöåö¡ æóÃóÓóÝöåö æóÔóæúÞöåö Åöáóì íõæÓõÝó¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì Èóäõæåõ ãóÇ íõÞóÇÓöíåö ãöäó ÇáúæóÍúÏóÉö¡ æóÃóáóãö ÇáúÝöÑóÇÞö. ÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÇáÑøóÍúãóÉö áóåõ¡ æóÇáÑøóÃúÝóÉö Èöåö æóÇáúÍöÑúÕö Úóáóíúåö: {ÊóÇááøóåö ÊóÝúÊóÃõ ÊóÐúßõÑõ íõæÓõÝó ÍóÊøóì Êóßõæäó ÍóÑóÖðÇ Ãóæú Êóßõæäó ãöäó ÇáúåóÇáößöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 85] . íóÞõæáõæäó: áóÇ ÊóÒóÇáõ ÊóÊóÐóßøóÑõåõ ÍóÊøóì íóäúÍóáó ÌóÓóÏõßó¡ æóÊóÖúÚõÝó ÞõæøóÊõßó Ýóáóæú ÑóÝóÞúÊó ÈöäóÝúÓößó ßóÇäó Ãóæúáóì Èößó ÞóÇáó: {ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÔúßõæ ÈóËøöí æóÍõÒúäöí Åöáóì Çááøóåö æóÃóÚúáóãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 86] . íóÞõæáõ áöÈóäöíåö: áóÓúÊõ ÃóÔúßõæ Åöáóíúßõãú¡ æóáóÇ Åöáóì ÃóÍóÏò ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö ãóÇ ÃóäóÇ Ýöíåö¡ ÅöäøóãóÇ ÃóÔúßõæ Åöáóì Çááøóåö ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó¡ æóÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓóíóÌúÚóáõ áöí ãöãøóÇ ÃóäóÇ Ýöíåö ÝóÑóÌðÇ æóãóÎúÑóÌðÇ¡ æóÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó ÑõÄúíóÇ íõæÓõÝó áóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú ÊóÞóÚó¡ æóáóÇ ÈõÏøó Ãóäú ÃóÓúÌõÏó áóåõ ÃóäóÇ æóÃóäúÊõãú ÍóÓóÈó ãóÇ ÑóÃóìº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {æóÃóÚúáóãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 86] Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó áóåõãú ãõÍóÑøöÖðÇ Úóáóì ÊóØóáøõÈö íõæÓõÝó æóÃóÎöíåö æóÃóäú íóÈúÍóËõæÇ Úóäú ÃóãúÑöåöãóÇ: {íóÇ Èóäöíøó ÇÐúåóÈõæÇ ÝóÊóÍóÓøóÓõæÇ ãöäú íõæÓõÝó æóÃóÎöíåö æóáóÇ ÊóíúÃóÓõæÇ ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö Åöäøóåõ áóÇ íóíúÃóÓõ ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 87] . Ãóíú áóÇ ÊóíúÃóÓõæÇ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑóÌö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáÔøöÏøóÉö ÝóÅöäøóåõ áóÇ íóíúÃóÓõ ãöäú ÑóæúÍö Çááøóåö æóÝóÑóÌöåö æóãóÇ íõÞóÏøöÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÎúÑóÌö Ýöí ÇáúãóÖóÇíöÞö ÅöáøóÇ ÇáúÞóæúãõ ÇáúßóÇÝöÑõæäó.

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{ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ Úóáóíúåö ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ãóÓøóäóÇ æóÃóåúáóäóÇ ÇáÖøõÑøõ æóÌöÆúäóÇ ÈöÈöÖóÇÚóÉò ãõÒúÌóÇÉò ÝóÃóæúÝö áóäóÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÊóÕóÏøóÞú ÚóáóíúäóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÊóÕóÏøöÞöíäó ÞóÇáó åóáú ÚóáöãúÊõãú ãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõãú ÈöíõæÓõÝó æóÃóÎöíåö ÅöÐú ÃóäúÊõãú ÌóÇåöáõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÃóÆöäøóßó áóÃóäúÊó íõæÓõÝõ ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ íõæÓõÝõ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÎöí ÞóÏú ãóäøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íóÊøóÞö æóíóÕúÈöÑú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåó áóÞóÏú ÂËóÑóßó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ æóÅöäú ßõäøóÇ áóÎóÇØöÆöíäó ÞóÇáó áóÇ ÊóËúÑöíÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó íóÛúÝöÑõ Çááøóåõ áóßõãú æóåõæó ÃóÑúÍóãõ ÇáÑøóÇÍöãöíäó ÇÐúåóÈõæÇ ÈöÞóãöíÕöí åóÐóÇ ÝóÃóáúÞõæåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåö ÃóÈöí íóÃúÊö ÈóÕöíÑðÇ æóÃúÊõæäöí ÈöÃóåúáößõãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 88]
[íõæÓõÝó: 88 - 93] .
íõÎúÈöÑõ ÊóÚóÇáóì Úóäú ÑõÌõæÚö ÅöÎúæóÉö íõæÓõÝó Åöáóíúåö æóÞõÏõæãöåöãú Úóáóíúåö æóÑóÛúÈóÊöåöãú ÝöíãóÇ áóÏóíúåö ãöäó ÇáúãöíÑóÉö æóÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉö Úóáóíúåöãú ÈöÑóÏøö ÃóÎöíåöãú ÈöäúíóÇãöíäó Åöáóíúåöãú¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ Úóáóíúåö {ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóíøõåóÇ ÇáúÚóÒöíÒõ ãóÓøóäóÇ æóÃóåúáóäóÇ ÇáÖøõÑøõ} [íæÓÝ: 88] . Ãóíú ãöäó ÇáúÌóÏúÈö æóÖöíÞö ÇáúÍóÇáö æóßóËúÑóÉö ÇáúÚöíóÇáö {æóÌöÆúäóÇ ÈöÈöÖóÇÚóÉò ãõÒúÌóÇÉò} [íæÓÝ: 88] . Ãóíú ÖóÚöíÝóÉò áóÇ íõÞúÈóáõ ãöËúáõåóÇ ãöäøóÇ ÅöáøóÇ Ãóäú íõÊóÌóÇæóÒó ÚóäøóÇ. Þöíáó: ßóÇäóÊú ÏóÑóÇåöãó ÑóÏöíÆóÉð. æóÞöíáó: ÞóáöíáóÉð. æóÞöíáó: ÍóÈøó ÇáÕøóäóæúÈóÑö¡ æóÍóÈøó ÇáúÈõØúãö¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó. æóÚóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ßóÇäóÊú ÎóáóÞó ÇáúÛóÑóÇÆöÑö æóÇáúÍöÈóÇáö¡ æóäóÍúæó Ðóáößó. {ÝóÃóæúÝö áóäóÇ Çáúßóíúáó æóÊóÕóÏøóÞú ÚóáóíúäóÇ Åöäøó Çááøóåó íóÌúÒöí ÇáúãõÊóÕóÏøöÞöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 88] . Þöíáó: ÈöÞóÈõæáöåóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ. æóÞöíáó: ÈöÑóÏøö ÃóÎöíäóÇ ÅöáóíúäóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò. æóÞóÇáó ÓõÝúíóÇäõ Èúäõ ÚõíóíúäóÉó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÍõÑøöãóÊö ÇáÕøóÏóÞóÉõ Úóáóì äóÈöíøöäóÇ ãõÍóãøóÏò Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó. æóäóÒóÚó ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò. ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÃóì ãóÇ åõãú Ýöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÍóÇáö¡ æóãóÇ ÌóÇÁõæÇ Èöåö ãöãøóÇ áóãú íóÈúÞó ÚöäúÏóåõãú ÓöæóÇåõ ãöäú ÖóÚöíÝö ÇáúãóÇáö ÊóÚóÑøóÝó Åöáóíúåöãú æóÚóØóÝó Úóáóíúåöãú ÞóÇÆöáðÇ áóåõãú Úóäú ÃóãúÑö ÑóÈøöåö æóÑóÈøöåöãú¡ æóÞóÏú ÍóÓóÑó áóåõãú Úóäú ÌóÈöíäöåö ÇáÔøóÑöíÝö¡ æóãóÇ íóÍúæöíåö ãöäó ÇáúÎóÇáö Ýöíåö ÇáøóÐöí íóÚúÑöÝõæäó {åóáú ÚóáöãúÊõãú ãóÇ ÝóÚóáúÊõãú ÈöíõæÓõÝó æóÃóÎöíåö ÅöÐú ÃóäúÊõãú ÌóÇåöáõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ} [íæÓÝ: 89] æóÊóÚóÌøóÈõæÇ ßõáøó ÇáúÚóÌóÈö¡ æóÞóÏú ÊóÑóÏøóÏõæÇ Åöáóíúåö ãöÑóÇÑðÇ ÚóÏöíÏóÉð¡ æóåõãú áóÇ íóÚúÑöÝõæäó Ãóäøóåõ åõæó {ÃóÅöäøóßó áóÃóäúÊó íõæÓõÝõ ÞóÇáó ÃóäóÇ íõæÓõÝõ æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÎöí} [íæÓÝ: 90] .

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íóÚúäöí: ÃóäóÇ íõæÓõÝõ ÇáøóÐöí ÕóäóÚúÊõãú ãóÚóåõ ãóÇ ÕóäóÚúÊõãú¡ æóÓóáóÝó ãöäú ÃóãúÑößõãú Ýöíåö ãóÇ ÝóÑøóØúÊõãú. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {æóåóÐóÇ ÃóÎöí} [íæÓÝ: 90] ÊóÃúßöíÏñ áöãóÇ ÞóÇáó æóÊóäúÈöíåñ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÃóÖúãóÑõæÇ áóåõãóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÍóÓóÏö¡ æóÃóÚúãóáõæÇ Ýöí ÃóãúÑöåöãóÇ ãöäó ÇáöÇÍúÊöíóÇáöº æóáöåóÐóÇ ÞóÇáó: {ÞóÏú ãóäøó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 90] . Ãóíú ÈöÅöÍúÓóÇäöåö ÅöáóíúäóÇ¡ æóÕóÏóÞóÊöåö ÚóáóíúäóÇ¡ æóÅöíæóÇÆöåö áóäóÇ¡ æóÔóÏøöåö ãóÚóÇÞöÏó ÚöÒøöäóÇ¡ æóÐóáößó ÈöãóÇ ÃóÓúáóÝúäóÇ ãöäú ØóÇÚóÊöåö¡ æóÕóÈúÑöäóÇ Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúßõãú ÅöáóíúäóÇ¡ æóØóÇÚóÊöäóÇ æóÈöÑøöäóÇ áöÃóÈöíäóÇ¡ æóãóÍóÈøóÊöåö ÇáÔøóÏöíÏóÉö áóäóÇ¡ æóÔóÝóÞóÊöåö ÚóáóíúäóÇ {Åöäøóåõ ãóäú íóÊøóÞö æóíóÕúÈöÑú ÝóÅöäøó Çááøóåó áóÇ íõÖöíÚõ ÃóÌúÑó ÇáúãõÍúÓöäöíäó ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÂËóÑóßó Çááøóåõ ÚóáóíúäóÇ} [íæÓÝ: 90] . Ãóíú ÝóÖøóáóßó¡ æóÃóÚúØóÇßó ãóÇ áóãú íõÚúØöäóÇ: {æóÅöäú ßõäøóÇ áóÎóÇØöÆöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 91] . Ãóíú ÝöíãóÇ ÃóÓúÏóíúäóÇ Åöáóíúßó¡ æóåóÇ äóÍúäõ Èóíúäó íóÏóíúßó {ÞóÇáó áóÇ ÊóËúÑöíÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ Çáúíóæúãó} [íæÓÝ: 92] . Ãóíú áóÓúÊõ ÃõÚóÇÊöÈõßõãú Úóáóì ãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúßõãú ÈóÚúÏó íóæúãößõãú åóÐóÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÒóÇÏóåõãú Úóáóì Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÞóÇáó: {íóÛúÝöÑõ Çááøóåõ áóßõãú æóåõæó ÃóÑúÍóãõ ÇáÑøóÇÍöãöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 92] .
æóãóäú ÒóÚóãó Ãóäøó ÇáúæóÞúÝó Úóáóì Þóæúáöåö: {áóÇ ÊóËúÑöíÈó Úóáóíúßõãõ} [íæÓÝ: 92] . æóÇÈúÊóÏóÃó ÈöÞóæúáöåö: {Çáúíóæúãó íóÛúÝöÑõ Çááøóåõ áóßõãú} [íæÓÝ: 92] . ÝóÞóæúáõåõ ÖóÚöíÝñ¡ æóÇáÕøóÍöíÍõ ÇáúÃóæøóáõ. Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑóåõãú ÈöÃóäú íóÐúåóÈõæÇ ÈöÞóãöíÕöåö¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóáöí ÌóÓóÏóåõ ÝóíóÖóÚõæåõ Úóáóì Úóíúäóíú ÃóÈöíåö ÝóÅöäøóåõ íóÑúÌöÚõ Åöáóíúåö ÈóÕóÑõåõ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÐóåóÈó ÈöÅöÐúäö Çááøóåö¡ æóåóÐóÇ ãöäú ÎóæóÇÑöÞö ÇáúÚóÇÏóÇÊö æóÏóáóÇÆöáö ÇáäøõÈõæøóÇÊö æóÃóßúÈóÑö ÇáúãõÚúÌöÒóÇÊö¡ Ëõãøó ÃóãóÑóåõãú Ãóäú íóÊóÍóãøóáõæÇ ÈöÃóåúáöåöãú ÃóÌúãóÚöíäó Åöáóì ÏöíóÇÑö ãöÕúÑó Åöáóì ÇáúÎóíúÑö æóÇáÏøóÚóÉö æóÌóãúÚö ÇáÔøóãúáö ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉö Úóáóì Ãóßúãóáö ÇáúæõÌõæåö¡ æóÃóÚúáóì ÇáúÃõãõæÑö.
{æóáóãøóÇ ÝóÕóáóÊö ÇáúÚöíÑõ ÞóÇáó ÃóÈõæåõãú Åöäøöí áóÃóÌöÏõ ÑöíÍó íõæÓõÝó áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÝóäøöÏõæäö ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåö Åöäøóßó áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáößó ÇáúÞóÏöíãö ÝóáóãøóÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÈóÔöíÑõ ÃóáúÞóÇåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö ÝóÇÑúÊóÏøó ÈóÕöíÑðÇ ÞóÇáó Ãóáóãú ÃóÞõáú áóßõãú Åöäøöí ÃóÚúáóãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇÃóÈóÇäóÇ ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑú áóäóÇ ÐõäõæÈóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÎóÇØöÆöíäó ÞóÇáó ÓóæúÝó ÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóßõãú ÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ} [íæÓÝ: 94]
[íõæÓõÝó: 94 - 98] .

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ÞóÇáó ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö: ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ÅöÓúÑóÇÆöíáõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓöäóÇäò¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ÃóÈöí ÇáúåõÐóíúáö ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÇÈúäó ÚóÈøóÇÓò íóÞõæáõ: {æóáóãøóÇ ÝóÕóáóÊö ÇáúÚöíÑõ} [íæÓÝ: 94] ÞóÇáó: áóãøóÇ ÎóÑóÌóÊö ÇáúÚöíÑõ åóÇÌóÊú ÑöíÍñ ÝóÌóÇÁóÊú íóÚúÞõæÈó ÈöÑöíÍö ÞóãöíÕö íõæÓõÝó. {ÝóÞóÇáó Åöäøöí áóÃóÌöÏõ ÑöíÍó íõæÓõÝó áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÝóäøöÏõæäö} [íæÓÝ: 94] . ÞóÇáó: ÝóæóÌóÏó ÑöíÍóåõ ãöäú ãóÓöíÑóÉö ËóãóÇäöíóÉö ÃóíøóÇãò. æóßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáËøóæúÑöíøõ¡ æóÔõÚúÈóÉõ¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãóÇ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÓöäóÇäò Èöåö. æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÍóÓóäõ ÇáúÈóÕúÑöíøõ¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò Çáúãóßøöíøõ: ßóÇäó ÈóíúäóåõãóÇ ãóÓöíÑóÉõ ËóãóÇäöíäó ÝóÑúÓóÎðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó áóåõ ãõäúÐõ ÝóÇÑóÞóåõ ËóãóÇäõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {áóæúáóÇ Ãóäú ÊõÝóäøöÏõæäö} [íæÓÝ: 94] . Ãóíú ÊóÞõæáõæäó: ÅöäøóãóÇ ÞõáúÊó åóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÝóäóÏö æóåõæó ÇáúÎóÑóÝõ æóßöÈóÑõ ÇáÓøöäøö. ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ æóÚóØóÇÁñ¡ æóãõÌóÇåöÏñ¡ æóÓóÚöíÏõ Èúäõ ÌõÈóíúÑò¡ æóÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ {ÊõÝóäøöÏõæäö} [íæÓÝ: 94] ÊõÓóÝøöåõæäö. æóÞóÇáó ãõÌóÇåöÏñ ÃóíúÖðÇ¡ æóÇáúÍóÓóäõ: ÊõåóÑøöãõæäö {ÞóÇáõæÇ ÊóÇááøóåö Åöäøóßó áóÝöí ÖóáóÇáößó ÇáúÞóÏöíãö} [íæÓÝ: 95] . ÞóÇáó ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ¡ æóÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: ÞóÇáõæÇ áóåõ ßóáöãóÉð ÛóáöíÙóÉð. ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {ÝóáóãøóÇ Ãóäú ÌóÇÁó ÇáúÈóÔöíÑõ ÃóáúÞóÇåõ Úóáóì æóÌúåöåö ÝóÇÑúÊóÏøó ÈóÕöíÑðÇ} [íæÓÝ: 96] . Ãóíú ÈöãõÌóÑøóÏö ãóÇ ÌóÇÁó ÃóáúÞóì ÇáúÞóãöíÕó Úóáóì æóÌúåö íóÚúÞõæÈó ÝóÑóÌóÚó ãöäú ÝóæúÑöåö ÈóÕöíÑðÇ ÈóÚúÏó ãóÇ ßóÇäó ÖóÑöíÑðÇ. æóÞóÇáó áöÈóäöíåö ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó: {Ãóáóãú ÃóÞõáú áóßõãú Åöäøöí ÃóÚúáóãõ ãöäó Çááøóåö ãóÇ áóÇ ÊóÚúáóãõæäó} [íæÓÝ: 96] . Ãóíú ÃóÚúáóãõ Ãóäøó Çááøóåó ÓóíóÌúãóÚõ Ôóãúáöí ÈöíõæÓõÝó¡ æóÓóÊóÞóÑøõ Úóíúäöí Èöåö¡ æóÓóíõÑöíäöí Ýöíåö æóãöäúåõ ãóÇ íóÓõÑøõäöí¡ ÝóÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó {ÞóÇáõæÇ íóÇ ÃóÈóÇäóÇ ÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑú áóäóÇ ÐõäõæÈóäóÇ ÅöäøóÇ ßõäøóÇ ÎóÇØöÆöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 97] . ØóáóÈõæÇ Åöáóíúåö Ãóäú íóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑó áóåõãõ Çááøóåó ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó ÚóãøóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÝóÚóáõæÇ æóäóÇáõæÇ

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ãöäúåõ æóãöäö ÇÈúäöåö¡ æóãóÇ ßóÇäõæÇ ÚóÒóãõæÇ Úóáóíúåö¡ æóáóãøóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú äöíøóÊöåöãõ ÇáÊøóæúÈóÉõ ÞóÈúáó ÇáúÝöÚúáö¡ æóÝøóÞóåõãõ Çááøóåõ áöáöÇÓúÊöÛúÝóÇÑö ÚöäúÏó æõÞõæÚö Ðóáößó ãöäúåõãú ÝóÃóÌóÇÈóåõãú ÃóÈõæåõãú Åöáóì ãóÇ ÓóÃóáõæÇ æóãóÇ Úóáóíúåö ÚóæøóáõæÇ ÞóÇÆöáðÇ: {ÓóæúÝó ÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóßõãú ÑóÈøöí Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÛóÝõæÑõ ÇáÑøóÍöíãõ} [íæÓÝ: 98] .
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ãóÓúÚõæÏò¡ æóÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáÊøóíúãöíøõ¡ æóÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ÞóíúÓò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõãú ÃóÑúÌóÃóåõãú Åöáóì æóÞúÊö ÇáÓøóÍóÑö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÃóÈõæ ÇáÓøóÇÆöÈö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÅöÏúÑöíÓó¡ ÓóãöÚúÊõ ÚóÈúÏó ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäó ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó íóÐúßõÑõ¡ Úóäú ãõÍóÇÑöÈö Èúäö ÏöËóÇÑò ÞóÇáó: ßóÇäó Úóãøñ áöí íóÃúÊöí ÇáúãóÓúÌöÏó ÝóÓóãöÚó ÅöäúÓóÇäðÇ íóÞõæáõ: Çááøóåõãøó ÏóÚóæúÊóäöí ÝóÃóÌóÈúÊõ¡ æóÃóãóÑúÊóäöí ÝóÃóØóÚúÊõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ ÇáÓøóÍóÑõ ÝóÇÛúÝöÑú áöí. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÇÓúÊóãóÚó ÇáÕøóæúÊó ÝóÅöÐóÇ åõæó ãöäú ÏóÇÑö ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãóÓúÚõæÏò ÝóÓóÃóáó ÚóÈúÏó Çááøóåö Úóäú Ðóáößó. ÝóÞóÇáó: Åöäøó íóÚúÞõæÈó ÃóÎøóÑó Èóäöíåö Åöáóì ÇáÓøóÍóÑö ÈöÞóæúáöåö: {ÓóæúÝó ÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóßõãú ÑóÈøöí} [íæÓÝ: 98] . æóÞóÏú ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÇáúãõÓúÊóÛúÝöÑöíäó ÈöÇáúÃóÓúÍóÇÑö} [Âá ÚãÑÇä: 17] æóËóÈóÊó Ýöí ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «íóäúÒöáõ ÑóÈøõäóÇ ßõáøó áóíúáóÉò Åöáóì ÓóãóÇÁö ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÝóíóÞõæáõ: åóáú ãöäú ÊóÇÆöÈò ÝóÃóÊõæÈó Úóáóíúåö¿ åóáú ãöäú ÓóÇÆöáò ÝóÃõÚúØöíóåõ¿ åóáú ãöäú ãõÓúÊóÛúÝöÑò ÝóÃóÛúÝöÑó áóåõ¿» . æóÞóÏú æóÑóÏó Ýöí ÍóÏöíËò Ãóäøó íóÚúÞõæÈó ÃóÑúÌóÃó

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Èóäöíåö Åöáóì áóíúáóÉö ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò: ÍóÏøóËóäöí ÇáúãõËóäøóì ËäÇ ÓõáóíúãóÇäõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÍúãóäö Èúäö ÃóíøõæÈó ÇáÏøöãóÔúÞöíøõ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÇáúæóáöíÏõ¡ ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ ÌõÑóíúÌò¡ Úóäú ÚóØóÇÁò¡ æóÚößúÑöãóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò¡ Úóäú ÑóÓõæáö Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: {ÓóæúÝó ÃóÓúÊóÛúÝöÑõ áóßõãú ÑóÈøöí} [íæÓÝ: 98] . íóÞõæáõ: «ÍóÊøóì ÊóÃúÊöíó áóíúáóÉõ ÇáúÌõãõÚóÉö¡ æóåõæó Þóæúáõ ÃóÎöí íóÚúÞõæÈó áöÈóäöíåö» . æóåóÐóÇ ÛóÑöíÈñ ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇáúæóÌúåö¡ æóÝöí ÑóÝúÚöåö äóÙóÑñ¡ æóÇáúÃóÔúÈóåõ Ãóäú íóßõæäó ãóæúÞõæÝðÇ Úóáóì ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ {ÝóáóãøóÇ ÏóÎóáõæÇ Úóáóì íõæÓõÝó Âæóì Åöáóíúåö ÃóÈóæóíúåö æóÞóÇáó ÇÏúÎõáõæÇ ãöÕúÑó Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ Âãöäöíäó æóÑóÝóÚó ÃóÈóæóíúåö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö æóÎóÑøõæÇ áóåõ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ æóÞóÇáó íóÇÃóÈóÊö åóÐóÇ ÊóÃúæöíáõ ÑõÄúíóÇíó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÑóÈøöí ÍóÞøðÇ æóÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäó Èöí ÅöÐú ÃóÎúÑóÌóäöí ãöäó ÇáÓøöÌúäö æóÌóÇÁó Èößõãú ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏúæö ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Ãóäú äóÒóÛó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäó ÅöÎúæóÊöí Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí áóØöíÝñ áöãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ ÇáúÍóßöíãõ ÑóÈøö ÞóÏú ÂÊóíúÊóäöí ãöäó Çáúãõáúßö æóÚóáøóãúÊóäöí ãöäú ÊóÃúæöíáö ÇáúÃóÍóÇÏöíËö ÝóÇØöÑó ÇáÓøóãóÇæóÇÊö æóÇáúÃóÑúÖö ÃóäúÊó æóáöíøöí Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ æóÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö ÊóæóÝøóäöí ãõÓúáöãðÇ æóÃóáúÍöÞúäöí ÈöÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó} [íæÓÝ: 99]
[íõæÓõÝó: 99 - 101] . åóÐóÇ ÅöÎúÈóÇÑñ Úóäú ÍóÇáö ÇÌúÊöãóÇÚö ÇáúãõÊóÍóÇÈøöíäó ÈóÚúÏó ÇáúÝõÑúÞóÉö ÇáØøóæöíáóÉö ÇáøóÊöí Þöíáó: ÅöäøóåóÇ ËóãóÇäõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞöíáó: ËóáóÇËóÉñ æóËóãóÇäõæäó ÓóäóÉð. æóåõãóÇ ÑöæóÇíóÊóÇäö Úóäö ÇáúÍóÓóäö. æóÞöíáó: ÎóãúÓñ æóËóáóÇËõæäó ÓóäóÉð. ÞóÇáóåõ ÞóÊóÇÏóÉõ. æóÞóÇáó ãõÍóãøóÏõ Èúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ ÛóÇÈó Úóäúåõ ËóãóÇäöíó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð. ÞóÇáó: æóÃóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö íóÒúÚõãõæäó Ãóäøóåõ ÛóÇÈó Úóäúåõ ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÙóÇåöÑõ ÓöíóÇÞö ÇáúÞöÕøóÉö íõÑúÔöÏõ Åöáóì ÊóÍúÏöíÏö ÇáúãõÏøóÉö ÊóÞúÑöíÈðÇ ÝóÅöäøó ÇáúãóÑúÃóÉó ÑóÇæóÏóÊúåõ¡ æóåõæó ÔóÇÈøñ ÇÈúäõ ÓóÈúÚó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð ÝöíãóÇ ÞóÇáóåõ ÛóíúÑõ æóÇÍöÏò ÝóÇãúÊóäóÚó ÝóßóÇäó Ýöí ÇáÓøöÌúäö ÈöÖúÚó Óöäöíäó¡ æóåöíó

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ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÑóÝóÚó ÃóÈóæóíúåö Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Þöíáó: ßóÇäóÊú Ãõãøõåõ ÞóÏú ãóÇÊóÊú. ßóãóÇ åõæó ÚöäúÏó ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóæúÑóÇÉö. æóÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõ ÇáúãõÝóÓøöÑöíäó ÝóÃóÍúíóÇåóÇ Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì. æóÞóÇáó ÂÎóÑõæäó: Èóáú ßóÇäóÊú ÎóÇáóÊõåõ áóíóÇ¡ æóÇáúÎóÇáóÉõ ÈöãóäúÒöáóÉö ÇáúÃõãøö. æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÂÎóÑõæäó: Èóáú ÙóÇåöÑõ ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö íóÞúÊóÖöí ÈóÞóÇÁó ÍóíóÇÉö Ãõãøöåö Åöáóì íóæúãöÆöÐò ÝóáóÇ íõÚóæøóáõ Úóáóì äóÞúáö Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö ÝöíãóÇ ÎóÇáóÝóåõ¡ æóåóÐóÇ Þóæöíøñ¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóÑóÝóÚóåõãóÇ Úóáóì ÇáúÚóÑúÔö Ãóíú ÃóÌúáóÓóåõãóÇ ãóÚóåõ Úóáóì ÓóÑöíÑöåö {æóÎóÑøõæÇ áóåõ ÓõÌøóÏðÇ} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Ãóíú ÓóÌóÏó áóåõ ÇáúÃóÈóæóÇäö æóÇáúÅöÎúæóÉõ ÇáúÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó ÊóÚúÙöíãðÇ æóÊóßúÑöíãðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó åóÐóÇ ãóÔúÑõæÚðÇ áóåõãú¡ æóáóãú íóÒóáú Ðóáößó ãóÚúãõæáðÇ Èöåö Ýöí ÓóÇÆöÑö ÇáÔøóÑóÇÆöÚö ÍóÊøóì ÍõÑøöãó Ýöí ãöáøóÊöäóÇ {æóÞóÇáó íóÇ ÃóÈóÊö åóÐóÇ ÊóÃúæöíáõ ÑõÄúíóÇíó ãöäú ÞóÈúáõ} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Ãóíú åóÐóÇ ÊóÚúÈöíÑõ ãóÇ ßõäúÊõ ÞóÕóÕúÊõåõ Úóáóíúßó ãöäú ÑõÄúíóÊöí ÇáúÃóÍóÏó ÚóÔóÑó ßóæúßóÈðÇ æóÇáÔøóãúÓó æóÇáúÞóãóÑó Íöíäó ÑóÃóíúÊõåõãú áöí ÓóÇÌöÏöíäó¡ æóÃóãóÑúÊóäöí ÈößöÊúãóÇäöåóÇ¡ æóæóÚóÏúÊóäöí ãóÇ æóÚóÏúÊöäöí ÚöäúÏó Ðóáößó {ÞóÏú ÌóÚóáóåóÇ ÑóÈøöí ÍóÞøðÇ æóÞóÏú ÃóÍúÓóäó Èöí ÅöÐú ÃóÎúÑóÌóäöí ãöäó ÇáÓøöÌúäö} [íæÓÝ: 100] .

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Ãóíú ÈóÚúÏó Çáúåóãøö¡ æóÇáÖøöíÞö ÌóÚóáóäöí ÍóÇßöãðÇ äóÇÝöÐó ÇáúßóáöãóÉö Ýöí ÇáÏøöíóÇÑö ÇáúãöÕúÑöíøóÉö ÍóíúËõ ÔöÆúÊõ {æóÌóÇÁó Èößõãú ãöäó ÇáúÈóÏúæö} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Ãóíö ÇáúÈóÇÏöíóÉö¡ æóßóÇäõæÇ íóÓúßõäõæäó ÃóÑúÖó ÇáúÚóÑóÈóÇÊö ãöäú ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáúÎóáöíáö {ãöäú ÈóÚúÏö Ãóäú äóÒóÛó ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Èóíúäöí æóÈóíúäó ÅöÎúæóÊöí} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Ãóíú ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäúåõãú Åöáóíøó ãöäó ÇáúÃóãúÑö ÇáøóÐöí ÊóÞóÏøóãó æóÓóÈóÞó ÐößúÑõåõ¡ Ëõãøó ÞóÇáó: {Åöäøó ÑóÈøöí áóØöíÝñ áöãóÇ íóÔóÇÁõ} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Ãóíú ÅöÐóÇ ÃóÑóÇÏó ÔóíúÆðÇ åóíøóÃó ÃóÓúÈóÇÈóåõ¡ æóíóÓøóÑóåóÇ æóÓóåøóáóåóÇ ãöäú æõÌõæåò áóÇ íóåúÊóÏöí ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÇáúÚöÈóÇÏõ¡ Èóáú íõÞóÏøöÑõåóÇ æóíõíóÓøöÑõåóÇ ÈöáóØöíÝö ÕõäúÚöåö¡ æóÚóÙöíãö ÞõÏúÑóÊöåö {Åöäøóåõ åõæó ÇáúÚóáöíãõ} [íæÓÝ: 100] . Ãóíú ÈöÌóãöíÚö ÇáúÃõãõæÑö ÇáúÍóßöíãõ Ýöí ÎóáúÞöåö¡ æóÔóÑúÚöåö¡ æóÞóÏóÑöåö.
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æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó¡ Úóäú Ãóåúáö ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøó íóÚúÞõæÈó ÃóÞóÇãó ÈöÏöíóÇÑö ãöÕúÑó ÚöäúÏó íõæÓõÝó ÓóÈúÚó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð¡ Ëõãøó ÊõæõÝøöíó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ¡ æóßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÃóæúÕóì Åöáóì íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Ãóäú íõÏúÝóäó ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈóæóíúåö ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó æóÅöÓúÍóÇÞó ÞóÇáó ÇáÓøõÏøöíøõ: ÝóÕóÈóÑóåõ æóÓóíøóÑóåõ Åöáóì ÈöáóÇÏö ÇáÔøóÇãö ÝóÏóÝóäóåõ ÈöÇáúãóÛóÇÑóÉö ÚöäúÏó ÃóÈöíåö ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó æóÌóÏøöåö ÇáúÎóáöíáö Úóáóíúåöãõ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ.
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æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó Ãóåúáõ ÇáúßöÊóÇÈö Ãóäøóåõ ÃóæúÕóì Èóäöíåö æóÇÍöÏðÇ æóÇÍöÏðÇ¡ æóÃóÎúÈóÑóåõãú ÈöãóÇ íóßõæäõ ãöäú ÃóãúÑöåöãú¡ æóÈóÔøóÑó íóåõæÐóÇ ÈöÎõÑõæÌö äóÈöíøò ÚóÙöíãò ãöäú äóÓúáöåö ÊõØöíÚõåõ ÇáÔøõÚõæÈõ¡ æóåõæó ÚöíÓóì ÇÈúäõ ãóÑúíóãó¡ æóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÐóßóÑõæÇ Ãóäøóåõ áóãøóÇ ãóÇÊó íóÚúÞõæÈõ Èóßóì Úóáóíúåö Ãóåúáõ ãöÕúÑó ÓóÈúÚöíäó íóæúãðÇ¡ æóÃóãóÑó íõæÓõÝõ ÇáúÃóØöÈøóÇÁó ÝóØóíøóÈõæåõ ÈöØöíÈò¡ æóãóßóËó Ýöíåö ÃóÑúÈóÚöíäó íóæúãðÇ¡ Ëõãøó ÇÓúÊóÃúÐóäó íõæÓõÝõ ãóáößó ãöÕúÑó Ýöí ÇáúÎõÑõæÌö ãóÚó ÃóÈöíåö áöíóÏúÝöäóåõ ÚöäúÏó Ãóåúáöåö¡ ÝóÃóÐöäó áóåõ æóÎóÑóÌó ãóÚóåõ ÃóßóÇÈöÑõ ãöÕúÑó æóÔõíõæÎõåóÇ¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ æóÕóáõæÇ ÍóÈúÑõæäó ÏóÝóäõæåõ Ýöí ÇáúãóÛóÇÑóÉö ÇáøóÊöí ßóÇäó ÇÔúÊóÑóÇåóÇ ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãõ ÇáúÎóáöíáõ ãöäú ÚóÝúÑõæäó Èúäö ÕóÎúÑò ÇáúÍöíËöíøö¡ æóÚóãöáõæÇ áóåõ ÚóÒóÇÁð ÓóÈúÚóÉó ÃóíøóÇãò. ÞóÇáõæÇ: Ëõãøó ÑóÌóÚõæÇ Åöáóì ÈöáóÇÏöåöãú¡ æóÚóÒøóì ÅöÎúæóÉõ íõæÓõÝó áöíõæÓõÝó Ýöí ÃóÈöíåöãú¡ æóÊóÑóÞøóÞõæÇ áóåõ ÝóÃóßúÑóãóåõãú æóÃóÍúÓóäó ãõäúÞóáóÈóåõãú¡ ÝóÃóÞóÇãõæÇ ÈöÈöáóÇÏö ãöÕúÑó¡ Ëõãøó ÍóÖóÑóÊú íõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÇáúæóÝóÇÉõ ÝóÃóæúÕóì Ãóäú íõÍúãóáó ãóÚóåõãú ÅöÐóÇ ÎóÑóÌõæÇ ãöäú ãöÕúÑó ÝóíõÏúÝóäó ÚöäúÏó ÂÈóÇÆöåö¡ ÝóÍóäøóØõæåõ æóæóÖóÚõæåõ Ýöí ÊóÇÈõæÊò ÝóßóÇäó ÈöãöÕúÑó ÍóÊøóì ÃóÎúÑóÌóåõ ãóÚóåõ ãõæÓóì Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÝóÏóÝóäóåõ ÚöäúÏó ÂÈóÇÆöåö¡ ßóãóÇ ÓóíóÃúÊöí. ÞóÇáõæÇ: ÝóãóÇÊó æóåõæó ÇÈúäõ ãöÇÆóÉö ÓóäóÉò æóÚóÔúÑö Óöäöíäó. åóÐóÇ äóÕøõåõãú ÝöíãóÇ ÑóÃóíúÊõåõ æóÝöíãóÇ ÍóßóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÃóíúÖðÇ. æóÞóÇáó ãõÈóÇÑóßõ

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ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÃóíøõæÈó ÅöÐú äóÇÏóì ÑóÈøóåõ Ãóäøöí ãóÓøóäöíó ÇáÖøõÑøõ æóÃóäúÊó ÃóÑúÍóãõ ÇáÑøóÇÍöãöíäó ÝóÇÓúÊóÌóÈúäóÇ áóåõ ÝóßóÔóÝúäóÇ ãóÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÖõÑøò æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ Ãóåúáóåõ æóãöËúáóåõãú ãóÚóåõãú ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ æóÐößúÑóì áöáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 83]
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æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò: æóÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò ÌóãöíÚðÇ¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ íõæäõÓõ Èúäõ ÚóÈúÏö ÇáúÃóÚúáóì¡ ÃóäúÈóÃóäóÇ ÇÈúäõ æóåúÈò ÃóÎúÈóÑóäöí äóÇÝöÚõ Èúäõ íóÒöíÏó¡ Úóäú ÚõÞóíúáò¡ Úóäö ÇáÒøõåúÑöíøö¡ Úóäú ÃóäóÓö Èúäö ãóÇáößò Ãóäøó ÇáäøóÈöíøó Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «Åöäøó äóÈöíøó Çááøóåö ÃóíøõæÈó áóÈöËó Èöåö ÈóáóÇÄõåõ ËóãóÇäöíó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð¡ ÝóÑóÝóÖóåõ ÇáúÞóÑöíÈõ æóÇáúÈóÚöíÏõ ÅöáøóÇ ÑóÌõáóíúäö ãöäú ÅöÎúæóÇäöåö ßóÇäóÇ ãöäú ÃóÎóÕøö ÅöÎúæóÇäöåö áóåõ ßóÇäóÇ íóÛúÏõæóÇäö Åöáóíúåö æóíóÑõæÍóÇäö¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóÍóÏõåõãóÇ áöÕóÇÍöÈöåö: ÊóÚúáóãõ æóÇááøóåö áóÞóÏú ÃóÐúäóÈó ÃóíøõæÈõ ÐóäúÈðÇ ãóÇ ÃóÐúäóÈóåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäó ÇáúÚóÇáóãöíäó. ÞóÇáó áóåõ ÕóÇÍöÈõåõ: æóãóÇ ÐóÇßó¿ ÞóÇáó: ãõäúÐõ ËóãóÇäöíó ÚóÔúÑóÉó ÓóäóÉð áóãú íóÑúÍóãúåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÝóíóßúÔöÝó ãóÇ Èöåö. ÝóáóãøóÇ ÑóÇÍóÇ Åöáóíúåö áóãú íóÕúÈöÑö ÇáÑøóÌõáõ ÍóÊøóì ÐóßóÑó Ðóáößó áóåõ¡ ÝóÞóÇáó ÃóíøõæÈõ: áóÇ ÃóÏúÑöí ãóÇ ÊóÞõæáõ

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ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíøó ÌóÓóÏöí.
ÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÚóÈøóÇÓò: æóÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö ãóÇáóåõ æóæóáóÏóåõ ÈöÃóÚúíóÇäöåöãú æóãöËúáóåõãú ãóÚóåõãú. æóÞóÇáó æóåúÈõ Èúäõ ãõäóÈøöåò ÃóæúÍóì Çááøóåõ Åöáóíúåö: ÞóÏú ÑóÏóÏúÊõ Úóáóíúßó Ãóåúáóßó æóãóÇáóßó¡ æóãöËúáóåõãú ãóÚóåõãú¡ ÝóÇÛúÊóÓöáú ÈöåóÐóÇ ÇáúãóÇÁö ÝóÅöäøó Ýöíåö ÔöÝóÇÁóßó æóÞóÑøöÈú Úóäú ÕóÍóÇÈóÊößó ÞõÑúÈóÇäðÇ¡ æóÇÓúÊóÛúÝöÑú áóåõãú ÝóÅöäøóåõãú ÞóÏú ÚóÕóæúäöí Ýöíßó. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò.
æóÞóÇáó ÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí ÍóÇÊöãò: ËäÇ ÃóÈõæ ÒõÑúÚóÉó¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóãúÑõæ Èúäõ ãóÑúÒõæÞò¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ åóãøóÇãñ¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÖúÑö Èúäö ÃóäóÓò¡ Úóäú ÈóÔöíÑö Èúäö äóåöíßò¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó¡ Úóäö ÇáäøóÈöíøö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó ÞóÇáó: «áóãøóÇ ÚóÇÝóì Çááøóåõ ÃóíøõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÃóãúØóÑó Úóáóíúåö ÌóÑóÇÏðÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò ÝóÌóÚóáó íóÃúÎõÐõ ÈöíóÏöåö¡ æóíóÌúÚóáõ Ýöí ËóæúÈöåö. ÞóÇáó: ÝóÞöíáó áóåõ: íóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ ÃóãóÇ ÊóÔúÈóÚõ¿ ÞóÇáó: íóÇ ÑóÈøö æóãóäú íóÔúÈóÚõ ãöäú ÑóÍúãóÊößó» . æóåóßóÐóÇ ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÏóÇæõÏó ÇáØøóíóÇáöÓöíøö¡ æóÚóÈúÏö ÇáÕøóãóÏö¡ Úóäú åóãøóÇãò¡ Úóäú ÞóÊóÇÏóÉó Èöåö. æóÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÍöÈøóÇäó Ýöí ÕóÍöíÍöåö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö Çááøóåö Èúäö ãõÍóãøóÏò ÇáúÃóÒúÏöíøö¡ Úóäú ÅöÓúÍóÇÞó Èúäö ÑóÇåóæóíúåö¡ Úóäú ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÕøóãóÏö Èöåö. æóáóãú íõÎóÑøöÌúåõ ÃóÍóÏñ ãöäú ÃóÕúÍóÇÈö ÇáúßõÊõÈö¡ æóåõæó Úóáóì ÔóÑúØö ÇáÕøóÍöíÍö ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ.
æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ¡ ËäÇ ÓõÝúíóÇäõ¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí ÇáÒøöäóÇÏö¡ Úóäö ÇáúÃóÚúÑóÌö¡ Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó: ÃõÑúÓöáó Úóáóì ÃóíøõæÈó ÑöÌúáñ ãöäú ÌóÑóÇÏò ãöäú ÐóåóÈò ÝóÌóÚóáó íóÞúÈöÖõåóÇ Ýöí ËóæúÈöåö ÝóÞöíáó íóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ Ãóáóãú íóßúÝößó ãóÇ ÃóÚúØóíúäóÇßó ÞóÇáó: Ãóíú ÑóÈøö¡ æóãóäú íóÓúÊóÛúäöí Úóäú ÝóÖúáößó. åóÐóÇ ãóæúÞõæÝñ¡ æóÞóÏú Ñõæöíó Úóäú ÃóÈöí åõÑóíúÑóÉó ãöäú æóÌúåò ÂÎóÑó ãóÑúÝõæÚðÇ.

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æóÞóÇáó ÇáúÅöãóÇãõ ÃóÍúãóÏõ: ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÚóÈúÏõ ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö¡ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ãóÚúãóÑñ¡ Úóäú åóãøóÇãö Èúäö ãõäóÈøöåò ÞóÇáó: åóÐóÇ ãóÇ ÍóÏøóËóäóÇ ÃóÈõæ åõÑóíúÑóÉó ÞóÇáó: ÞóÇáó ÑóÓõæáõ Çááøóåö Õóáøóì Çááøóåõ Úóáóíúåö æóÓóáøóãó: «ÈóíúäóãóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ íóÛúÊóÓöáõ ÚõÑúíóÇäðÇ ÎóÑøó Úóáóíúåö ÌóÑóÇÏñ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò ÝóÌóÚóáó ÃóíøõæÈõ íóÍúËöí Ýöí ËóæúÈöåö ÝóäóÇÏóÇåõ ÑóÈøõåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó: íóÇ ÃóíøõæÈõ Ãóáóãú Ãóßõäú ÃóÛúäóíúÊõßó ÚóãøóÇ ÊóÑóì. ÞóÇáó: Èóáóì íóÇ ÑóÈøö¡ æóáóßöäú áóÇ Ûöäóì áöí Úóäú ÈóÑóßóÊößó» . ÑóæóÇåõ ÇáúÈõÎóÇÑöíøõ ãöäú ÍóÏöíËö ÚóÈúÏö ÇáÑøóÒøóÇÞö Èöåö.
æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÇÑúßõÖú ÈöÑöÌúáößó} [Õ: 42] Ãóíö ÇÖúÑöÈö ÇáúÃóÑúÖó ÈöÑöÌúáößó ÝóÇãúÊóËóáó ãóÇ ÃõãöÑó Èöåö ÝóÃóäúÈóÚó Çááøóåõ áóåõ ÚóíúäðÇ ÈóÇÑöÏóÉó ÇáúãóÇÁö¡ æóÃõãöÑó Ãóäú íóÛúÊóÓöáó ÝöíåóÇ¡ æóíóÔúÑóÈó ãöäúåóÇ¡ ÝóÃóÐúåóÈó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ ãóÇ ßóÇäó íóÌöÏõåõ ãöäó ÇáúÃóáóãö æóÇáúÃóÐóì æóÇáÓøóÞóãö æóÇáúãóÑóÖö¡ ÇáøóÐöí ßóÇäó Ýöí ÌóÓóÏöåö ÙóÇåöÑðÇ æóÈóÇØöäðÇ¡ æóÃóÈúÏóáóåõ Çááøóåõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ßõáøöåö ÕöÍøóÉð ÙóÇåöÑóÉð æóÈóÇØöäóÉð¡ æóÌóãóÇáðÇ ÊóÇãøðÇ¡ æóãóÇáðÇ ßóËöíÑðÇ ÍóÊøóì ÕóÈøó áóåõ ãöäó ÇáúãóÇáö ÕóÈøðÇ ãóØóÑðÇ ÚóÙöíãðÇ ÌóÑóÇÏðÇ ãöäú ÐóåóÈò¡ æóÃóÎúáóÝó Çááøóåõ áóåõ Ãóåúáóåõ¡ ßóãóÇ ÞóÇáó ÊóÚóÇáóì: {æóÂÊóíúäóÇåõ Ãóåúáóåõ æóãöËúáóåõãú ãóÚóåõãú} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 84] . ÝóÞöíáó ÃóÍúíóÇåõãõ Çááøóåõ ÈöÃóÚúíóÇäöåöãú. æóÞöíáó: ÂÌóÑóåõ Ýöíãóäú ÓóáóÝó¡ æóÚóæøóÖóåõ Úóäúåõãú Ýöí ÇáÏøõäúíóÇ ÈóÏóáóåõãú¡ æóÌóãóÚó áóåõ Ôóãúáóåõ Èößõáøöåöãú Ýöí ÇáÏøóÇÑö ÇáúÂÎöÑóÉö. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäú ÚöäúÏöäóÇ} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 84] . Ãóíú ÑóÝóÚúäóÇ Úóäúåõ ÔöÏøóÊóåõ¡ æóßóÔóÝúäóÇ ãóÇ Èöåö ãöäú ÖõÑøò ÑóÍúãóÉð ãöäøóÇ Èöåö æóÑóÃúÝóÉð æóÅöÍúÓóÇäðÇ {æóÐößúÑóì áöáúÚóÇÈöÏöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 84] Ãóíú ÊóÐúßöÑóÉð áöãóäö ÇÈúÊõáöíó Ýöí ÌóÓóÏöåö Ãóæú ãóÇáöåö Ãóæú æóáóÏöåö Ýóáóåõ ÃõÓúæóÉñ ÈöäóÈöíøö Çááøóåö ÃóíøõæÈó¡ ÍóíúËõ ÇÈúÊóáóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÈöãóÇ åõæó ÃóÚúÙóãõ ãöäú Ðóáößó¡ ÝóÕóÈóÑó æóÇÍúÊóÓóÈó ÍóÊøóì ÝóÑøóÌó Çááøóåõ Úóäúåõ.
æóãóäú Ýóåöãó ãöäú åóÐóÇ ÇÓúãó ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö. ÝóÞóÇáó: åöíó ÑóÍúãóÉõ ãöäú åóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÝóÞóÏú ÃóÈúÚóÏó ÇáäøõÌúÚóÉó¡ æóÃóÛúÑóÞó Ýöí ÇáäøóÒúÚö.

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æóÞóÇáó ÇáÖøóÍøóÇßõ¡ Úóäö ÇÈúäö ÚóÈøóÇÓò: ÑóÏøó Çááøóåõ ÅöáóíúåóÇ ÔóÈóÇÈóåóÇ æóÒóÇÏóåóÇ ÍóÊøóì æóáóÏóÊú áóåõ ÓöÊøóÉð æóÚöÔúÑöíäó æóáóÏðÇ ÐóßóÑðÇ.
æóÚóÇÔó ÃóíøõæÈõ ÈóÚúÏó Ðóáößó ÓóÈúÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð ÈöÃóÑúÖö ÇáÑøõæãö Úóáóì Ïöíäö ÇáúÍóäöíÝöíøóÉö¡ Ëõãøó ÛóíøóÑõæÇ ÈóÚúÏóåõ Ïöíäó ÅöÈúÑóÇåöíãó. æóÞóæúáõåõ: {ÎõÐú ÈöíóÏößó ÖöÛúËðÇ ÝóÇÖúÑöÈú Èöåö æóáóÇ ÊóÍúäóËú ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇåõ ÕóÇÈöÑðÇ äöÚúãó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Åöäøóåõ ÃóæøóÇÈñ} [Õ: 44] . åóÐöåö ÑõÎúÕóÉñ ãöäó Çááøóåö ÊóÚóÇáóì áöÚóÈúÏöåö æóÑóÓõæáöåö ÃóíøõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ ÝöíãóÇ ßóÇäó ãöäú ÍóáöÝöåö áóíóÖúÑöÈóäøó ÇãúÑóÃóÊóåõ ãöÇÆóÉó ÓóæúØò. ÝóÞöíáó: ÍóáöÝõåõ Ðóáößó áöÈóíúÚöåóÇ ÖóÝóÇÆöÑóåóÇ. æóÞöíáó: áöÃóäøóåõ ÇÚúÊóÑóÖóåóÇ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ Ýöí ÕõæÑóÉö ØóÈöíÈò íóÕöÝõ áóåóÇ ÏóæóÇÁð áöÃóíøõæÈó¡ ÝóÃóÊóÊúåõ ÝóÃóÎúÈóÑóÊúåõ¡ ÝóÚóÑóÝó Ãóäøóåõ ÇáÔøóíúØóÇäõ ÝóÍóáóÝó áóíóÖúÑöÈóäøóåóÇ ãöÇÆóÉó ÓóæúØò¡ ÝóáóãøóÇ ÚóÇÝóÇåõ Çááøóåõ ÚóÒøó æóÌóáøó ÃóÝúÊóÇåõ Ãóäú íóÃúÎõÐó ÖöÛúËðÇ¡ æóåõæó ßóÇáúÚöËúßóÇáö ÇáøóÐöí íóÌúãóÚõ ÇáÔøóãóÇÑöíÎó ÝóíóÌúãóÚóåóÇ ßõáøóåóÇ æóíóÖúÑöÈóåóÇ Èöåö ÖóÑúÈóÉð æóÇÍöÏóÉð¡ æóíóßõæäõ åóÐóÇ ãõäúÒóáðÇ ãóäúÒöáóÉó ÇáÖøóÑúÈö ÈöãöÇÆóÉö ÓóæúØò¡ æóíóÈóÑøõ æóáóÇ íóÍúäóËõ. æóåóÐóÇ ãöäó ÇáúÝóÑóÌö æóÇáúãóÎúÑóÌö áöãóäö ÇÊøóÞóì Çááøóåó¡ æóÃóØóÇÚóåõ¡ æóáóÇ ÓöíøóãóÇ Ýöí ÍóÞøö ÇãúÑóÃóÊöåö ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑóÉö ÇáúãõÍúÊóÓöÈóÉö ÇáúãõßóÇÈöÏóÉö ÇáÕøöÏøöíÞóÉö ÇáúÈóÇÑøóÉö ÇáÑøóÇÔöÏóÉö ÑóÖöíó Çááøóåõ ÚóäúåóǺ æóáöåóÐóÇ ÚóÞøóÈó Çááøóåõ åóÐöåö ÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉó¡ æóÚóáøóáóåóÇ ÈöÞóæúáöåö: {ÅöäøóÇ æóÌóÏúäóÇåõ ÕóÇÈöÑðÇ äöÚúãó ÇáúÚóÈúÏõ Åöäøóåõ ÃóæøóÇÈñ} [Õ: 44] . æóÞóÏö ÇÓúÊóÚúãóáó ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáúÝõÞóåóÇÁö åóÐöåö ÇáÑøõÎúÕóÉó Ýöí ÈóÇÈö ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö æóÇáäøõÐõæÑö¡ æóÊóæóÓøóÚó ÂÎóÑõæäó ÝöíåóÇ ÍóÊøóì æóÖóÚõæÇ ßöÊóÇÈó ÇáúÍöíóáö Ýöí ÇáúÎóáóÇÕö ãöäó ÇáúÃóíúãóÇäö¡ æóÕóÏøóÑõæåõ ÈöåóÐöåö ÇáúÂíóÉö ÇáúßóÑöíãóÉö¡ æóÃóÊóæúÇ Ýöíåö ÈöÃóÔúíóÇÁó ãöäó ÇáúÚóÌóÇÆöÈö æóÇáúÛóÑóÇÆöÈö¡ æóÓóäóÐúßõÑõ ØóÑóÝðÇ ãöäú Ðóáößó Ýöí ßöÊóÇÈö ÇáúÃóÍúßóÇãö ÚöäúÏó ÇáúæõÕõæáö Åöáóíúåö Åöäú ÔóÇÁó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì.
æóÞóÏú ÐóßóÑó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÛóíúÑõåõ ãöäú ÚõáóãóÇÁö ÇáÊøóÇÑöíÎö Ãóäøó ÃóíøõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ

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áóãøóÇ ÊõæõÝøöíó ßóÇäó ÚõãõÑõåõ ËóáóÇËðÇ æóÊöÓúÚöíäó ÓóäóÉð. æóÞöíáó: Åöäøóåõ ÚóÇÔó ÃóßúËóÑó ãöäú Ðóáößó. æóÞóÏú Ñóæóì áóíúËñ Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò ãóÇ ãóÚúäóÇåõ: Ãóäøó Çááøóåó íóÍúÊóÌøõ íóæúãó ÇáúÞöíóÇãóÉö ÈöÓõáóíúãóÇäó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÛúäöíóÇÁö¡ æóÈöíõæÓõÝó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì ÇáúÃóÑöÞøóÇÁö¡ æóÈöÃóíøõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ Úóáóì Ãóåúáö ÇáúÈóáóÇÁö. ÑóæóÇåõ ÇÈúäõ ÚóÓóÇßöÑó ÈöãóÚúäóÇåõ¡ æóÃóäøóåõ ÃóæúÕóì Åöáóì æóáóÏöåö Íóæúãóáó¡ æóÞóÇãó ÈöÇáúÃóãúÑö ÈóÚúÏóåõ æóáóÏõåõ ÈöÔúÑõ Èúäõ ÃóíøõæÈó¡ æóåõæó ÇáøóÐöí íóÒúÚõãõ ßóËöíÑñ ãöäó ÇáäøóÇÓö Ãóäøóåõ Ðõæ ÇáúßöÝúáö¡ ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóãóÇÊó ÇÈúäõåõ åóÐóÇ¡ æóßóÇäó äóÈöíøðÇ ÝöíãóÇ íóÒúÚõãõæäó¡ æóßóÇäó ÚõãõÑõåõ ãöäó ÇáÓøöäöíäó ÎóãúÓðÇ æóÓóÈúÚöíäó¡ æóáúäóÐúßõÑú åóÇåõäóÇ ÞöÕøóÉó Ðöí ÇáúßöÝúáö ÅöÐú ÞóÇáó ÈóÚúÖõåõãú: Åöäøóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóíøõæÈó ÚóáóíúåöãóÇ ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ.

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[ÞöÕøóÉõ Ðöí ÇáúßöÝúáö]
æóåóÐöåö ÞöÕøóÉõ Ðöí ÇáúßöÝúáö ÇáøóÐöí ÒóÚóãó Þóæúãñ Ãóäøóåõ ÇÈúäõ ÃóíøõæÈó Úóáóíúåö ÇáÓøóáóÇãõ
ÞóÇáó Çááøóåõ ÊóÚóÇáóì ÈóÚúÏó ÞöÕøóÉö ÃóíøõæÈó Ýöí ÓõæÑóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö: {æóÅöÓúãóÇÚöíáó æóÅöÏúÑöíÓó æóÐóÇ ÇáúßöÝúáö ßõáøñ ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇÈöÑöíäó æóÃóÏúÎóáúäóÇåõãú Ýöí ÑóÍúãóÊöäóÇ Åöäøóåõãú ãöäó ÇáÕøóÇáöÍöíäó} [ÇáÃäÈíÇÁ: 85]
[Õ: 45 - 48] . ÝóÇáÙøóÇåöÑõ ãöäú ÐößúÑöåö Ýöí ÇáúÞõÑúÂäö ÇáúÚóÙöíãö ÈöÇáËøóäóÇÁö Úóáóíúåö ãóÞúÑõæäðÇ ãóÚó åóÄõáóÇÁö ÇáÓøóÇÏóÉö ÇáúÃóäúÈöíóÇÁö Ãóäøóåõ äóÈöíøñ Úóáóíúåö ãöäú ÑóÈøöåö ÇáÕøóáóÇÉõ æóÇáÓøóáóÇãõ. æóåóÐóÇ åõæó ÇáúãóÔúåõæÑõ¡ æóÞóÏú ÒóÚóãó ÂÎóÑõæäó Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú äóÈöíøðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ æóÍóßóãðÇ ãõÞúÓöØðÇ ÚóÇÏöáðÇ. æóÊóæóÞøóÝó ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò Ýöí Ðóáößó ÝóÇááøóåõ ÃóÚúáóãõ. æóÑóæóì ÇÈúäõ ÌóÑöíÑò¡ æóÇÈúäõ ÃóÈöí äóÌöíÍò¡ Úóäú ãõÌóÇåöÏò: Ãóäøóåõ áóãú íóßõäú äóÈöíøðÇ¡ æóÅöäøóãóÇ ßóÇäó ÑóÌõáðÇ ÕóÇáöÍðÇ¡ æóßóÇäó ÞóÏú ÊóßóÝøóáó áöÈóäöí Þóæúãöåö Ãóäú íóßúÝöíóåõ ÃóãúÑóåõãú¡ æóíóÞúÖöíó Èóíúäóåõãú ÈöÇáúÚóÏúáö ÝóÝóÚóáó

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